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11This work presents methodological advances in the integration of life-cycle indicators into energy system The first comprehensive experience regarding the methodological hybridisation of LCA and 44 energy optimisation modelling was carried out within the framework of the NEEDS project to 45 estimate the external costs of power generation (NEEDS, 2008(NEEDS, , 2009). This hybridisation relies 46 on the use of LCA flows to modify the processes in TIMES and monetise the impacts assuming 47 extra costs (externalities) by using a third tool, ExternE (Bickel and Friedrich, 2005). Brown et al. This paper aims to deeply integrate environmental indicators into the core of TIMES by using 52 the LCA methodology to take into account both direct and indirect environmental burdens. The 53 latter are difficult to allocate in a TIMES model and typically involve a large number of 54 background processes. This methodological LCA-TIMES combination enriches the LCA 55

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