Based on notified cases of human rabies exposure and human deaths by rabies to Colombia public health surveillance system between 2007 and 2016, we conducted a spatiotemporal analysis to identify epidemiological scenarios of high human rabies exposure due to dogs, cats, bats, or farm animals (n = 666,411 cases). The incidence rate of human rabies exposures was analyzed by using geographical information system (spatiotemporal distribution and Cluster and Outlier Analysis (Anselin Local Moran’s I)) data for all Colombian cities. The incidence rate of human rabies exposures due to dogs and cats showed an increasing trend, while aggression due bats and farm animals fluctuated throughout the analyzed period. Human deaths by rabies transmitted by cat and bat occurred in the Andean and Orinoquia regions, which had urban and rural scenarios. The urban scenario showed the highest exposure to human rabies due to cats and dogs in cities characterized with high human population density and greater economic development. In contrary, the highest human rabies exposure in the rural scenario was observed due to contact of mucosa or injured skin with the infected saliva of farm animals with the rabies virus, principally among workers in the agroforestry area. The inequality scenario showed some outlier cities with high human rabies exposure due to farm animals principally in the Pacific region (characterized by the highest poverty rates in Colombia), being Afro-descendant and indigenous population the most exposed. The highest exposure due to bats bite was observed among indigenous people residing in cities of the Amazon region as a dispersed population (Amazonian scenario). None of the high exposure scenarios were related to human deaths by rabies due to dogs aggression. The identified scenarios can help develop better surveillance systems with a differential approach to the vulnerable population and strengthening them in areas with rabies viral circulation.

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O estudo tem como objetivo descrever a evolução sedimentar no baixo estuário do Rio Capibaribe associando com as modificações antrópicas ocorridas nos últimos 200 anos por meio das análises de 210Pb, granulométricas, MOT e carbonato de cálcio. O testemunho registrou três unidades sedimentares com cara-cterísticas distintas. A primeira (72-158 cm) apresentou característi-cas sedimentares de planície de maré, influenciadas por manguezais com pouca influência das ações antrópicas. A segunda (20-72 cm) registrou o início das construções de melhora-mento do Porto do Recife, com altas porcentagens de sedimentos arenosos e baixas porcentagens de sedimentos finos e MOT. A terceira unidade (0-20 cm) apresentou a influência antrópica no sistema estuarino, com alta deposição de sedimentos finos e MOT possivelmente de origem antrópica. Picos de sedimento finos e MOT foram registrados (4, 16 e 72 cm) reportando provavelmente eventos climáticos associados aos registros de chuvas intensas e cheias ocorridos no Estuário do rio Capibaribe.

Animal bites are a serious public health issue, and prevention strategies have been consistently documented worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize human anti-rabies treatment in 11 counties of the Salgado microregion, Pará state, Brazil, which borders the Bragantina microregion, where exposures of human rabies were reported in 2004 and 2005. A descriptive retrospective study was conducted using anti-rabies treatment notifications registered in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) database of the State Department of Public Health of Pará (SESPA) from January 2000 to December 2014. In this period, 13,403 exposures were reported, with a growing annual trend (Y = 68.571x + 344.96). The years 2012 and 2013 presented the highest exposure incidence. Salinópolis was the county with the highest average annual incidence per 10,000 persons (62.83), followed by São João de Pirabas (43.28) and São Caetano de Odivelas (41.27). Most patients were males (59.6%) and were 1-19 years old (48.7%). The main species involved in aggressions were dogs (74.1%), followed by bats (13.1%) and cats (7.4%). Biting was the most common kind of exposure, mostly on the lower limbs (39.6%). This study shows that aggression by bats was the second most common cause of demand for the service in the region for the past 14 years. The low quality of records may increase the difficulty of rabies surveillance in Pará.

The aim of this study is to describe the sedimentary evolution occurred during the last 200-years in the middle Capibaribe Estuary by mean of the sedimentary analysis (magnetic susceptibility, grain size, calcium carbonate, total organic matter-TOM) and geochemical parameters (sedimentation rates, heavy metal concentrations, enrichment and contamination factor) along a core. The core recorded four units and the measured sedimentation rate was 0.52 cm cm•y −1 . The first unit, dating before 1812, showed environmental characteristics of mangrove with predominance of fine sediments, high total organic matter percentages and heavy metal concentrations probably from natural sources. The second unit, from 1812 to 1937, showed a slight increase in sand percentages and decrease in fine fraction, TOM contents and heavy metals concentrations. These characteristics may be associated with the urban expansion processes and the presence of monoculture of sugar cane occurred in the middle Capibaribe Estuary. The third unit, from 1937 to 2004, showed the highest sand percentages of the core, characterizing a unit exclusively of sand with low fine fractions percentages, total organic matter contents and heavy metals concentrations. This unit represented the intensification of the urban processes expansion of Recife City. The fourth unit showed increases in fine fraction sedimentation, TOM contents and heavy metals concentrations. This new change in sedimentation probably is consequence of rebirth of marginal estuarine banks by mangrove vegetation, due to environmental projects carried out by Recife Prefecture in the early 2000's. It was not possible to register the anthropic contamination to middle estuary area probably due to the Barreiras Formation influences in the metal concentration records, masking the anthropic contamination inputs in estuarine region. Although, lead and arsenic showing an enrichment level indicating anthropic contamination.

O rio Sucuriju está localizado na região do Cabo Norte situado no extremo leste do Estado do Amapá, presente na faixa costeira caracterizada por uma planície inundável flúvio-marinha, composta por sedimentos Quaternários e vegetação do tipo de manguezal. O estudo tem como objetivos, descrever as condições físico-químicas intersticiais, quantificar a porcentagem de matéria orgânica no sedimento e correlacionar com os parâmetros analisados ao longo do rio. Foram recuperados sete testemunhos da foz do rio até a proximidade do Lago Piratuba. Os resultados de salinidade variaram de 3 próximo ao lago a 25 nas proximidades da foz; o pH entre 3,95 a 8,23; o potencial redox entre -244 mV a 224 mV e a porcentagem de matéria orgânica entre 2,00% a 31,19%. As variações do regime pluviométrico e a sazonalidade climática interferem na intensidade da cunha salina dentro do estuário, sendo a principal causadora nas modificações dos parâmetros físicoquímicos e na concentração do teor de matéria orgânica presente no sedimento. Devido as variações verticais desses parâmetros pode-se distinguir duas zonas com características distintas: a zona oxidante localizada próximo à foz do rio, apresenta maior salinidade (média de 13,2), pH levemente alcalino (média de 7,48) e potencial redox ligeiramente oxidante (média de -30,4 mV), demonstra área de maior influência oceânica; e a zona redutora localizada a montante do rio, com valores de salinidade menores (média 9,6), pH levemente ácidos (média 9,93) e potencial redox ligeiramente redutores (média -130,2), demonstrando área com maior influência continental. Palavras chaves: testemunhos, salinidade, pH, potencial redox, matéria orgânica.

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ABSTRACT: Rabies is an important zoonosis to public health associated with lethal encephalitis and economic losses. Analysis of its spatial distribution is a meaningful tool in understanding its dispersion, which may contribute to the control and prophylaxis of the disease. This study analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution of rabies outbreaks in livestock in Pará state, Brazil, from 2004 to 2013. We used records of neurological syndromes obtained from the state’s livestock authority (Adepará). The analysis recorded 711 neurological syndromes reports in livestock, of which 32.8% were positive for rabies. In 8% of the neurological syndromes (n=57) was not possible to perform the analysis because of bad-packaging conditions of the samples sent. Outbreaks involved at least 1,179 animals and cattle were the most affected animal species (76.8%). The numbers of reported neurological syndromes and of rabies outbreak shad strong positive correlation and exhibited decreasing linear trend. Spatially, most outbreaks occurred in two mesoregions in Pará (Northeast and Southeast). One of the justifications for this spatial distribution may be related with the distribution of the animals in the state, since these mesoregions are the largest cattle producers in Pará and have most of their territory deforested for pasture implementation.