La literatura sobre gobierno abierto en español. / Volumen 28, Nóesis 56 Julio -Diciembre 2019 22Diego barria traverso / bastián gonzález-bustamante / carla cisternas guasch

This article contributes to the study of inequality in the biological welfare of Chile’s adult population during the nitrate era, ca. 1880s–1930s, and in particular focuses on the impact of socioeconomic variables on height, making use of a sample of over 20,000 male inmates of the capital’s main jail. It shows that inmates with a university degree were taller than the rest; that those born legitimate were taller in adulthood; that those (Chilean born) whose surnames were Northern European were also taller than the rest, and in particular than those with Mapuche background; and that those able to read and write were also taller than illiterate inmates. Conditional regression analysis, examining both correlates at the mean and correlates across the height distribution, supports these findings. We show that there was more height inequality in the population according to socioeconomic status and human capital than previously thought, while also confirming the importance of socioeconomic influences during childhood on physical growth.

This paper analyses how public employees at two Chilean government offices constructed their occupational identities. In contrast to the vast majority of previous work, which took the 1920s as its starting point, this study focuses on the period between 1880 and 1920. Additionally, the construction of identity is analysed in direct relation to performance in the workplace. The paper asserts that public criticism of their performance prompted public employees to develop an image of themselves based on the concept of their honourability as competent and honest workers.

No abstract

Following Salvatore and the WHO, in this article, we provide the first long-term estimates of malnutrition rates for Chile per birth cohort, measured through stunting rates of adult males born from the 1870s to the 1990s. We used a large sample of military records, representative of the whole Chilean population, totalling over 38 thousand individuals. Our data suggest that stunting rates were very high for those born between the last three decades of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century. In addition, stunting rates increased from the 1870s to the 1900s. Thereafter, there was a clear downward trend in stunting rates (despite some fluctuations), reaching low levels of malnutrition, in particular, from the 1960s (although these are high if compared to developed countries). The continuous decrease in stunting rates from the 1910s was mainly due to a combination of factors, the importance of which varied over time, namely: Improved health (i.e., sharp decline in infant mortality rates during the whole period); increased energy consumption (from the 1930s onwards, but most importantly during the 1990s); a decline in poverty rates (in particular, between the 1930s and the 1970s); and a reduction in child labour (although we are less able to quantify this).

No abstract

Resumo: De 1884 a 1920, a acusação de patronagem política para os funcionários públicos constituiu tema central na discussão política, no Chile. O mundo acadêmico também se dedicou ao assunto, e tentou apresentar soluções para este mal. Este artigo se propõe a estudar as tentativas acadêmicas para dar uma resposta às perguntas sobre que tipo de funcionários deveria entrar na administração pública, como deveriam ser seleccionados e como fariam carreira, no seu trabalho. Abstract:Since 1884, and until to 1920, the political patronage in public employee's appointments was a main issue in Chilean political discussions. Not only politicians, but also the academia had focused in this topic, and had tried to present some solutions in order to correct the patronage evil. This paper studies a number of academic proposals in order to response questions such as: which kind of employees must have to be appointed in public administration, how select them, and how let them to develop careers in their jobs.Palavras-chave: Funcionários públicos. Registros funcionais. Carreiras administrativas.

En 1948, el sector aerocomercial chileno fue reformado. La Junta de Aeronáutica Civil (JAC) fue creada, mientras la Línea Aérea Nacional (LAN), detentora del monopolio de los derechos de vuelo de cabotaje, permitió el ingreso de varios operadores privados a la industria. El monopolio fue eliminado en 1953, abriendo un escenario de competencia entre las aerolíneas. A partir de un trabajo de archivo en la JAC, el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, y usando la discusión parlamentaria y la prensa de la época, el artículo analiza la irrupción de las aerolíneas privadas, junto con evaluar cómo el fin del monopolio en favor de LAN incidió en la estructura del mercado aéreo interno y cómo modificó tanto las estrategias de la aerolínea estatal como la de los privados.