By increasing the environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources, bio-based resins have gained interest. Recently, lignin, vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde), and divanillin (6,6′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethoxybiphenyl-3,3′-dicarbaldehyde)-based resins have attracted attention due to the low cost, environmental benefits, good thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties, and suitability for high-performance natural fiber composite applications. This review highlights the recent use of lignin, vanillin, and divanillin-based resins with natural fiber composites and their synthesized processes. Finally, discussions are made on the curing kinetics, mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and bio-based resins’ adhesion property.
In natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites, strong
and tough
nanocellulose long fibers (NCLFs) are in high demand. Despite the
availability of diverse cellulose nanofiber (CNF) preparations, efficient
production of continuous high-strength NCLFs remains a challenge.
This study reports a synergistic approach that entails wet spinning
and coating CNF with a bio-based and hydrogen-bonded polyvinyl alcohol–citric
acid–lignin (H-PCL) resin followed by esterification at 180
°C to form esterified poly(vinyl alcohol)–citric acid–lignin
(E-PCL)–NCLF. Morphology assessments on the cross-sectional
images of E-PCL-NCLF by scanning electron microscopy revealed a homogeneous
coating of H-PCL resin with an average coating thickness of 0.8 μm.
The prepared fiber showed a dramatic increase in the mechanical properties
with a Young’s modulus of 31.20 GPa (49% increase), a tensile
strength of 684.61 MPa (138% increase), and a toughness of 12.90 MJ/m3 (10% increase) with a strain at break of 3.26%. The reported
approach imparted multifunctional characteristics in the prepared
EPCL-NCLF regarding high hydrophobicity, antioxidant activity, and
thermal stability. These remarkable enhancements make the prepared
EPCL-NCLF a promising candidate for all-green natural fiber-reinforced
polymer composites.
This review article describes the synthesis route of eugenol (4‐Allyl‐2‐methoxyphenol, EU)‐based resins, properties, and their use in coating application. EU‐based resin is an attractive phenolic‐based material with outstanding properties such as thermal stability, water‐resistant, antioxidant, and flame retardancy performance. However, limited research articles on EU‐based resins have been published recently for the coating application. A growing interest in developing design strategies and properties of EU‐based resins has emerged due to their low cost, non‐toxic, and environment‐friendly behaviors. This review article aims to highlight EU‐based resins, including epoxy and non‐epoxy ones, and critically discuss their properties and opportunities in coating application, which may facilitate their utilization in academia and industries.
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