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By increasing the environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources, bio-based resins have gained interest. Recently, lignin, vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde), and divanillin (6,6′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethoxybiphenyl-3,3′-dicarbaldehyde)-based resins have attracted attention due to the low cost, environmental benefits, good thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties, and suitability for high-performance natural fiber composite applications. This review highlights the recent use of lignin, vanillin, and divanillin-based resins with natural fiber composites and their synthesized processes. Finally, discussions are made on the curing kinetics, mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and bio-based resins’ adhesion property.

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In natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites, strong and tough nanocellulose long fibers (NCLFs) are in high demand. Despite the availability of diverse cellulose nanofiber (CNF) preparations, efficient production of continuous high-strength NCLFs remains a challenge. This study reports a synergistic approach that entails wet spinning and coating CNF with a bio-based and hydrogen-bonded polyvinyl alcohol–citric acid–lignin (H-PCL) resin followed by esterification at 180 °C to form esterified poly­(vinyl alcohol)–citric acid–lignin (E-PCL)–NCLF. Morphology assessments on the cross-sectional images of E-PCL-NCLF by scanning electron microscopy revealed a homogeneous coating of H-PCL resin with an average coating thickness of 0.8 μm. The prepared fiber showed a dramatic increase in the mechanical properties with a Young’s modulus of 31.20 GPa (49% increase), a tensile strength of 684.61 MPa (138% increase), and a toughness of 12.90 MJ/m3 (10% increase) with a strain at break of 3.26%. The reported approach imparted multifunctional characteristics in the prepared EPCL-NCLF regarding high hydrophobicity, antioxidant activity, and thermal stability. These remarkable enhancements make the prepared EPCL-NCLF a promising candidate for all-green natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites.

This review article describes the synthesis route of eugenol (4‐Allyl‐2‐methoxyphenol, EU)‐based resins, properties, and their use in coating application. EU‐based resin is an attractive phenolic‐based material with outstanding properties such as thermal stability, water‐resistant, antioxidant, and flame retardancy performance. However, limited research articles on EU‐based resins have been published recently for the coating application. A growing interest in developing design strategies and properties of EU‐based resins has emerged due to their low cost, non‐toxic, and environment‐friendly behaviors. This review article aims to highlight EU‐based resins, including epoxy and non‐epoxy ones, and critically discuss their properties and opportunities in coating application, which may facilitate their utilization in academia and industries.