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BackgroundNew Delhi metallo beta-lactamase is known to compromise carbapenem therapy and leading to treatment failure. However, their response to carbapenem stress is not clearly known. Here, we have investigated the transcriptional response of bla NDM-1 and plasmid copy number alteration under carbapenem exposure.MethodsThree bla NDM-1 harboring plasmids representing three incompatibility types (IncFIC, IncA/C and IncK) were inoculated in LB broth with and without imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem. After each 1 h total RNA was isolated, immediately reverse transcribed into cDNA and quantitative real time PCR was used for transcriptional expression of bla NDM-1. Horizontal transferability and stability of the plasmids encoding bla NDM-1 were also determined. Changes in copy number of bla NDM-1 harboring plasmids under the exposure of different carbapenems were determined by real time PCR. Clonal relatedness among the isolates was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis.ResultsUnder carbapenem stress over an interval of time there was a sharp variation in the transcriptional expression of bla NDM-1 although it did not follow a specific pattern. All bla NDM-1 carrying plasmids were transferable by conjugation. These plasmids were highly stable and complete loss was observed between 92nd to 96th serial passages when antibiotic pressure was withdrawn. High copy number of bla NDM-1 was found for IncF type plasmids compared to the other replicon types.ConclusionThis study suggests that the single dose of carbapenem pressure does not significantly influence the expression of bla NDM-1 and also focus on the stability of this gene as well as the change in copy number with respect to the incompatible type of plasmid harboring resistance determinant.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13756-017-0183-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The objective of the present study is to find out the impact of demographic variables on the equity share investment decisions of the employees. The study is done on the employees of Oil India Limited [OIL]. It is found that out of the four demographic variables namely age, gender, qualification and designation considered for the study only age is having significant influence on the equity share investment decisions in past, present and future however, gender is only having impact on the present equity investment decisions. Other than these other demographic variables are not significant for equity investment decisions.

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A team batting second in a limited overs match is under pressure to score the required number of runs for victory in the allotted number of overs without losing all its wickets. The bowling team has to prevent its opponents from reaching the target for victory. The objective of this study is to define methods that can be used to assess the pressure on the two teams' batsmen and bowlers when playing the second innings of a Twenty20 or One-day match, and also to define methods to determine the best partnership and the turning point in such an innings. Methods are also defined to determine the batting and bowling performances of individual players in a specific match. These measures can be quite useful for selectors to assess how the players perform under pressure.