This meta-analysis aimed to examine the studies on pre-service teachers of critical thinking skills. We conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize the extant literature on critical thinking and pre-service teachers. The method used in the study was based on the search of relevant literature through an online database such as IEEE Explore, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate. The keywords in the search for the relevant literature include critical thinking skills in teacher education and pre-service teachers' critical thinking skills. After systematically searching the relevant literature through electronic databases using various search terms, we screened studies and reviewed them for inclusion. From 22 studies (27 samples, N= 3726), we found that critical thinking was moderately related to pre-service teachers' success, especially with the intervention's studies on critical thinking. The relationship between preservice teachers' achievement and levels of critical thinking skills was found to be significant. However, pre-service teachers' stories of critical thinking skills tests have been trending in teacher education worldwide. Still, most of the studies on pre-service teachers' critical thinking were conducted in Turkey. The questionnaire used to measure pre-service teachers' necessary thinking skills was found to be California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory by Facione. Implications for this study include the importance of teaching critical thinking skills in a teacher education program and the inclusion of components of critical thinking in the curriculum across the board.
Qur'an in mainstream of oriental studies is studied as a historical text created through many cultural sources. This understanding included even Qur'anic values and ethics, and it means that Qur'an is not revealed book. Franz Rosenthal, the German orientalist has given such hypothesis in his study of knowledge in Qur'an. He has supposed that Gnostic doctrines were the cultural source of Knowledge conception in Qur'an. Gnostic doctrines were either but their Christian or Jewish or Mandean or even Arab Paganism of Pre-Islam era. This paper negates these hypotheses by observing structure of these sources through historical methodology. Obviously, there are either tenuous evidence or nothing about historical existence of these sources in Pre-Islamic Arabia or at least Hijaz area where Islam spread from to all around. As a result, this paper approve that Qur'anic conception of Knowledge does not belong to any external source. Importance of this study is due to lack of studies of Orientalists studies of Qur'anic ethics and values.
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