Background: E-learning is increasingly becoming a preference in higher education institutions worldwide; this is intended to assist educational institutions in achieving objectives to meet the proportion of individuals with their educational opportunities. Nevertheless, instructors and students frequently have concerns with their capacity to succeed in E-learning environments.Objectives: This study aimed to presents common eLearning challenges in regard to e-learning courses structure and its relations to various factors, for instance; students' autonomy, prior knowledge and experience, students-students dialogue, and students-instructor dialogue, and proposes solutions to these challenges based on the transactional distance theory. Moreover, this study presents evidence from Abuhassna et al. / Contemporary Educational Technology, 2022, 14(1), ep338 / 23Malaysian higher institutions based on theoretical models for e-learning course structure and its relations to the factors mentioned above.Methods: Data have been collected from 680 university learners all over Malaysia. Data were then examined using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modelling employing Smart PLS 3.0 software. Results and conclusion:Research findings indicated that e-learning course structure was affected by all dimensions of overall path analysis findings: student autonomy, students background, student-instructor dialogue, and student-student dialogue. However, the e-learning course structure showed insignificant with students' prior experience.Implications: Implications for universities are discussed accordingly. Such findings provide vital support to the integrative association among collaborative control (CC) and transactional distance theory (TDT) regarding e-learning environments experience, which might support universities administrators in the higher education industry to implement, plan and evaluate online learning platforms applications in their institutions.

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The purpose of the study is to examines the dominant design and learning strategy used by various MOOCs platforms to foster students’ Self Directed Learning. Method used in the study was based on the search of relevant literature through online database such as IEEE Explore, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and ResearchGate. The keywords in the search for the relevant literature include MOOCs and learning strategy, MOOCs and design strategy, MOOCs and Self Directed Learnig. The result of the meta-analysis revealed that the most frequently used learning strtegies by the various MOOCs platforms are the social construcvist and peer-to-peer approach to learning. These two strategies are found to be related to cMOOCs and xMOOCs. Similarly, of all the designs the dominant design strategy use by MOOCs providers is cMOOC and partially the blended or hybrid MOOCs. The study revealed the dominant learning strategies employed by MOOCs platforms. This may help other MOOCs designers to give emphasis to the use of best learning strategies and perhaps improve on the existing ones. The findings may also have implication to students willling to acquire knowledge through MOOCs to choose the appropriate instruction strategy that will Foster SDL.

This meta-analysis aimed to examine the studies on pre-service teachers of critical thinking skills. We conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize the extant literature on critical thinking and pre-service teachers. The method used in the study was based on the search of relevant literature through an online database such as IEEE Explore, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate. The keywords in the search for the relevant literature include critical thinking skills in teacher education and pre-service teachers' critical thinking skills. After systematically searching the relevant literature through electronic databases using various search terms, we screened studies and reviewed them for inclusion. From 22 studies (27 samples, N= 3726), we found that critical thinking was moderately related to pre-service teachers' success, especially with the intervention's studies on critical thinking. The relationship between preservice teachers' achievement and levels of critical thinking skills was found to be significant. However, pre-service teachers' stories of critical thinking skills tests have been trending in teacher education worldwide. Still, most of the studies on pre-service teachers' critical thinking were conducted in Turkey. The questionnaire used to measure pre-service teachers' necessary thinking skills was found to be California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory by Facione. Implications for this study include the importance of teaching critical thinking skills in a teacher education program and the inclusion of components of critical thinking in the curriculum across the board.

This study aims to apply the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) established by Pintrich to determine the level of students' motivation and perception and expose them to a Moodle to test the successful use of Self-Regulated Learning on the Learning Management System Moodle Environment. Ninety-six undergraduates (48 in the experimental and 48 in the control group) took part in this quasi-experimental study. The instrument (MSLQ) was tested using Cronbach's Alpha with a reliability coefficient of 0.8 (80%). The data gathered through the MSLQ were analyzed using descriptive statistics. While the data through the achievement test were analyzed using an independent sample t-test. The findings revealed that utilizing Moodle as a learning management system enhances undergraduates' ability to learn independently and motivates them to work hard. It also said that the student's perception of the Learning Management System was positive.

This study examined pre-service teachers' views on how the station rotation model learning environment enhances their critical thinking skills. This research studied how a learning environment coupled with blended learning and a social learning environment improves teachers' performance. The participants were 54 pre-service teachers who took part in a quasi-experimental study; the participants received intervention on a station rotation model with a blended social learning environment (SRM-BSCLE). Face-to-face interview data were collected from six (6) pre-service teachers selected based on high, medium, and lowperformance criteria. The obtained data were analyzed using thematic analysis; the qualitative data indicated that pre-service teachers' views on the learning environment comprised of station rotation model, collaborative learning, blended learning, and Vygotsky's social interaction Zone of Proximal Teacher Development (ZPTD). The study shows that the six pre-service teachers who took part in the interview were able to identify the theoretical components of the research objectives in this research. This includes collaborative learning, blended learning, station rotation model, constructivist approach to teaching, and teaching aids. Thus, the findings obtained from this study were discussed within the frame of the