Geochemical and Geostatistical tools were used to assess: 1) the chemical quality and, geochemical processes in crystalline rock aquifers in Sabodala (Eastern Senegal) and its surroundings and 2) the impact of mining activities on their quality. A total of 26 water samples collected at boreholes, dug wells and stream, were analyzed to determine major and trace elements concentration focused on elements that represent more threats on human health. Boxplots define chemical characteristics of water for each aquifer formation compared to surface waters. Geostatistical analysis show two sources of water mineralization with regard to major elements: a first natural source characterized by Ca-Mg-HCO3 water type from boreholes and unpolluted surface water and a second group characterized by polluted water by nitrates with Na-NO3-Cl type mainly observed in upper weathered aquifers. However, considering trace element, geostatistical analysis showed three water groups: water with very low trace element concentrations encountered in boreholes and unpolluted surface waters, and waters with relatively high trace element concentrations such as Al observed in areas affected by gold mining activities and finally, polluted waters by Ni, Co, Mn and Cr observed at Sabodala. Results show that in eastern Senegal well waters are vulnerable and often affected by pollution.
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease with often fatal vascular events. In addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors, disease-specific elements contribute to this cardiovascular mortality. The aim of this study was to assess arterial stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis and to determine the factors involved.Methods: We have recruited the black African patients followed in rheumatology and had rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis. Only patients between 18 and 60 years and meeting the American College of Rheumatology criteria were included. All controls were healthy. We evaluated the propagation velocity of the pulse wave finger-toe (PWVft) measured by the pOpmètre®.Results: Present study shows that the PWVft was significantly elevated in over half of patients (55.10%). Besides, the mean patients PWVft was significantly higher than that of the control (respectively 9.40±0.51 and 7.22±0.33 p=0.001). In the patients, no factor was significantly involved in the arterial stiffness, but cons in the control group, the PWVft was significantly correlated with age (p=0.023 and r=0.55).Conclusions: Rheumatoid arthritis patients had higher PWVft compared to controls. Due to the importance of its cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, arthritis requires a regular monitoring element as arterial stiffness, which is currently a major vascular parameter monitoring.
In some West African regions, the craton is made by birimian formations that constitute the basement in these areas. In Senegal, the Kédougou Kéniéba inlier is characterized by the presence of fractured aquifers, thus constituting a problem of availability and mobilization of groundwater resources in this zone. Evaluation of groundwater potentiality zone is studied by using Remote Sensing and GIS technics integrating eight thematic parameters (Rainfall, geology, lineaments, regolith thickness, and weathered thickness proximity of rivers). The weighted overlay technic is used and appropriate weight were evaluated by statistical approach with a linear regression model in order to determine and built influence percentage of groundwater storage related to each parameter. Results showed a map of five groundwater potential classes ranging from very good to very low potentiality. High groundwater potential areas are located in the southern part of the Sabodala mining area and contrast with the northern part where groundwater potential is low due to lower rainfall and rock types dominated by granite formations in most parts of the area. Very good potentials occupy about 5% of this study area. These areas are mainly located in the southern part of the Gambia River watershed between the isohyets 1250 to 1150mm and on the MTZ. Areas with good potential are mainly found on volcano-sedimentary formations, but they are more concentrated on the southern part of the Gambia watershed where interesting flows can be observed (8 to 20 m 3 /H). This result is in compliance with the flow rate data observed in this southern part. On the other hand, the moderate potentialities constitute the class which is found on all lithology types and represent 35.1% of the total surface of the study area (1280.6 Km 2). However, the very low potentialities are only found in the northern part and occupy an area of 873.10 square kilometers corresponding to 10.5% of the total area of the area. These results confirm that in the northern part and the granitic terrains have weak potentialities and the risks to get a negative boreholes remain high at these zones. Results show that there is a good correlation between the good potential areas identified by the GIS and the areas with appreciable borehole yields and the tectonic basins.
Volume 2 -Issue 2 | irrigation schemes expansion. Compared to the rest of the country, the river delta has become a great attraction for agro-industries and farmers and for people seeking more favorable living conditions [23]. In this zone, problems of high salinity, availability, and mobilization of groundwater resources to a correct fresh water supply have always been a major challenge for the population. Shallow aquifers are largely very unproductive and often very salty due to problems related to their marine origins [8,9,14,[24][25][26][27] and their low possibilities of recharges [28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the groundwater potential recharge of shallow aquifers in a context of Sahelian climate, irrigated agriculture development and dams construction which are veritable motors of change observed in the Senegal River Delta Hydrosystem (SRDH). The study was based on the combined application of remote sensing and GIS technologies to identify and map potential groundwater recharge in SRDH. GIS has emerged as a powerful tool for handling spatial data and decision making in several areas including geological and environmental fields. It is, in particular,
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