Workplace violence has recently received attention because of the killing of several individuals by their coworkers. However, more common are passive and nonfatal forms of aggressive behavior that are manifested as psychological and emotional harassment. Workplace harassment includes dysfunctional personal interactions characterized by bullying behaviors, personal attacks, and attempts to denigrate others. Targets of workplace harassment may experience stress, depression, low self-esteem, loss of sleep, and even posttraumatic stress disorder. Strategies that counselors can use to work effectively with targets are discussed.....Workplace environments are fraught with many challenges, but none are as prevalent and insidious as harassment from coworkers or supervisors
Trauma survivors are individuals who have been involved in an experience that includes the likelihood of loss of life or grievous harm to oneself or others (Allen, 1995;Matsakis, 1998; Rosenbloom, Williams, & Watkins, 1999). Trauma survivors may have experienced an accident, natural disaster, abuse, crime victimization, or violence including sexual assault, incest, or physical abuse (Rosenbloom et al., 1999). Shengold (1979) referred to trauma events as indignities imposed by one human being upon another and labeled their outcome as "soul murder"@. 533). An individual's capacity to cope with the traumatic experience is determined by their cognitive, emotional, behavioral, intellectual, and psychological capacities, as well as their support system. Shengold (1979) noted that the outcome of trauma experiences is often the developmental arrest of the individual's soul, psychological structure, and functioning. It is possible that these trauma experiences may have had a negative impact on the psychological, physical, and emotional development of these individuals (Allen, 1995; .... Bowen, 1982; Erickson & Egeland, 1987;Parker & Parker, 1991). Consequently, many trauma survivors often experience difficulties with trust, guilt (Rosenbloom et al., 1999), self-esteem, decision making, assertiveness, fear of success, and anxiety (Allen, 1995; Gianakos, 1999, Ibrahim & Herr, 1987 Peterson & Priour, 2000). Diane H. Coursol is a professor of counselor education, and JacquelineOne aspect of an individual's functioning that may be affected by trauma is their ability to engage in activities that are related to career and work. An important element of this area of development is career maturity (Super, 1990). Career maturity refers to an individual's capacity to handle the developmental tasks appropriate to their life stage (Super, 1990). This construct encompasses the individual's biological, psychological, and social development. However, few studies have addressed the impact of the trauma experience on the process of career development (Bowen, 1982; Erickson & Egeland, 1987;Ibrahim & Herr, 1987;Parker & Parker, 1991). Given the consequences of trauma, it is possible that the career maturity of trauma survivors may be arrested and can prevent them from achieving their full potential within the world of work. Consequently, the issue of career maturity warrants attention during the career counseling process.When trauma survivors seek career counseling, it is important for counselors to understand the expectations that these clients have for the counseling process. Understanding expectations is important because client expectations for counseling have been shown to affect the process (Corbishley & Yost, 1989). Galassi, Crace, Martin, James, and Wallace (1992) investigated preferences of clients for duration, outcomes, client and counselor roles, and career assessment. The study found that clients knew what they wanted to accomplish from career counseling but were uncertain about what the process involved. Clients preferred...
The present investigation compared expectations held by male and female clients and nonclients for group and individual counseling modes. These expectations were measured by the Expectations About Counseling questionnaire (Tinsley, Workman, & Kass, 1980). Results indicated significant differences between the two modes, the sexes, and the two populations (clients and nonclients); however, no interaction effects were noted. Results are discussed in terms of how differential beliefs about group and individual counseling may affect participation rates and behaviors and how professionals may use the present results to better promote counseling services.
This study examined the relationship between 3 aspects of alienation: powerlessness, meaninglessness, and social estrangement, and attitudes toward face-to-face and online counseling among college students. Participants included 180 undergraduate students at a Midwestern university. Correlations indicated a significant relationship between discomfort with face-to-face counseling and powerlessness (r = .20, p = .008) and meaninglessness (r = .22, p = .003). There were no significant relationships between attitudes toward online counseling and any aspect of alienation. Significant gender differences in value toward face-to-face counseling were found. Higher education should examine the use of online counseling among college students.
The Internet is the latest arena in which counseling services are available for a variety of issues. This study surveyed counselor education professionals about their perceptions regarding the use of online counseling to address various mental health issues including career counseling. It also examined their perceptions about 3 formats of online counseling: e‐mail, text‐based chat, and videoconferencing. Results indicated that counselor education professionals were open to the use of online counseling to address career issues. The implications for the practice of online career counseling and for the training of counselors are discussed.
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