Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoaWilld) is a dicotyledonous annual species belonging to the family Amaranthaceae, which is nutritionally well balanced in terms of its oil, protein and carbohydrate content. Targeting-induced local lesions in genomes (the TILLING strategy) was employed to find mutations in acetolactate synthase (AHAS) genes in a mutant quinoa population. TheAHASgenes were targeted because they are common enzyme target sites for five herbicide groups. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) was used to induce mutations in theAHASgenes; it was found that 2% EMS allowed a mutation frequency of one mutation every 203 kilobases to be established. In the mutant population created, a screening strategy using pre-selection phenotypic data and next-generation sequencing (NGS) allowed identification of a mutation that alters the amino acid composition of this species (nucleotide 1231 codon GTT→ATT, Val→Ile); however, this mutation did not result in herbicide resistance. The current work shows that TILLING combined with the high-throughput of NGS technologies and an overlapping pool design provides an efficient and economical method for detecting induced mutations in pools of individuals.
RESUMENLa quinua es un grano sagrado de origen andino cuya popularidad se debe a sus excelentes características nutricionales y amplia plasticidad fenotípica. Es una especie vegetal que muestra una condición mayoritaria de autogamía, con ciertos niveles de alogamia. El gen psbA presente en el cloroplasto, mayoritariamente descrito en plantas con herencia maternal, codifica para la proteína D1. Esta proteína está relacionada con la fotosíntesis, así como también es un gen objetivo de distintos herbicidas, debido a que hay varias familias químicas que inhiben la acción de la proteína D1. Basado en estos antecedentes se procedió a caracterizar el gen psbA en el cultivar de quinua Regalona-Baer. Para realizar la caracterización molecular, primeramente se extrajo el ADN, luego se realizó la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR), utilizando la información de las bases de datos de especies relacionadas. Los resultados muestran que el gen psbA en la quinua tiene una simple copia, con un total de 1.062 nucleótidos, generando 354 aminoácidos incluyendo el codón de "parada". El tamaño total de la secuencia que codifica el gen psbA mostró un tamaño similar a las 300 secuencias de genes psbA existentes en "La base de datos genoma del cloroplasto". El gen psbA podría ser el comienzo para explorar la diversidad en el genoma del cloroplasto de la quinua, conocer el tipo de segregación extracromosomal y sobre todo el potencial de poder generar cultivares con resistencia a herbicidas asociados a este gen.Palabras claves: cloroplasto, grano andino, proteína D1, quinua. ABSTRACT Quinoa is a sacred grain of Andean origin whose popularity is due to its excellent nutritional characteristics and broad phenotypic plasticity. It is a plant species that shows a majority condition of autogamy
El caupí (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) y su respuesta a la aplicación de ácidos húmicos (AH's) en el Cantón Jipijapa en Ecuador The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and its response to the application of humic acids (HA´s) in Canton Jipijapa in Ecuador
Objectives Assess how Latin American restaurants (LAR) have been adapting in response to COVID-19, and the potential implications of those changes for community food environments. Methods Qualitative study design using semi-structured interviews with LAR owners and staff (n = 12). Interviews were conducted via Zoom, lasting between 30 and 90 minutes. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed by two independent coders using Dedoose following an iterative approach for organizing results using emergent themes. Results COVID-19 led to initial closures, decrease in clientele and interrupted food supply. LAR adjusted by switching to outdoor dining and/or delivery/takeout, reducing hours and staff, increasing social media presence, and making changes to the menus. Menus were reduced, decreasing items not well-suited for takeout/delivery, (notably salads), while keeping customer favorites, such as high-energy “comfort foods.” Menu changes were more prevalent in full-service restaurants, compared with fast casual LAR. The results also include experiences with delivery companies and government assistance during COVID-19. Conclusions The pandemic has forced drastic changes in LARs, with potential implications for future health promoting interventions. The results from this study contribute to informing how restaurants are adapting in response to COVID-19 and the potential implications on community health and nutrition, as well as what restaurants can do to prepare for future crises. This will need to be considered for the survival of the industry and the communities that they serve. Future research is needed to examine long-term effect of changes in community food environments and customers’ diets. Funding Sources NIH - National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
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