Many women affected by HMB do not seek medical help, and few of those who do consult physicians report that they have received appropriate treatment. HMB continues to be underdiagnosed and poorly treated.

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Our review broadly confirms the hierarchy of contraceptive effectiveness in descending order as: (1) female sterilisation, long-acting hormonal contraceptives (LNG-IUS and implants); (2) Cu-IUDs with ≥ 300 mm2 surface area; (3) Cu-IUDs with < 300 mm2 surface area and short-acting hormonal contraceptives ( injectables, oral contraceptives, the patch and vaginal rings), (4) barrier methods and natural methods.

Our review broadly confirms the hierarchy of contraceptive effectiveness in descending order as: (1) female sterilisation, long-acting hormonal contraceptives (LNG-IUS and implants); (2) Cu-IUDs with > or =300 mm( 2 ) surface area; (3) Cu-IUDs with <300 mm( 2 ) surface area and short-acting hormonal contraceptives (injectables, oral contraceptives, the patch and vaginal ring), and (4) barrier methods and natural methods.

Introduction: Up to one-third of women of reproductive age experience heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB). HMB can give rise to iron deficiency (ID) and, in severe cases, iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). Aim: To review current guidelines for the management of HMB, with regards to screening for anemia, measuring iron levels, and treating ID/IDA with iron replacement therapy and noniron-based treatments. Methods: The literature was searched for English-language guidelines relating to HMB published between 2010 and 2020, using the PubMed database, web searching, and retrieval of clinical guidelines from professional societies.