More than 100 grapevine varieties are registered as suitable for wine production in “Douro” and “Trás-os-Montes” Protected Designations of Origin regions; however, only a few are actually used for winemaking. The identification of varieties cultivated in past times can be an important step to take advantage of all the potential of these regions grape biodiversity. The conservation of the vanishing genetic resources boosts greater product diversification, and it can be considered strategic in the valorisation of these wine regions. Hence, one goal of the present study was to prospect and characterise, through molecular markers, 310 plants of 11 old vineyards that constitute a broad representation of the grape genetic patrimony of “Douro” and “Trás-os-Montes” wine regions; 280 samples, grouped into 52 distinct known varieties, were identified through comparison of their genetic profiles generated via 6 nuclear SSR and 43 informative SNP loci amplification; the remaining 30 samples, accounting for 13 different genotypes, did not match with any profile in the consulted databases and were considered as new genotypes. This study also aimed at evaluating the population structure among the 65 non-redundant genotypes identified, which were grouped into two ancestral genetic groups. The mean probability of identity values of 0.072 and 0.510 (for the 6 SSR and 226 SNP sets, respectively) were determined. Minor differences were observed between frequencies of chlorotypes A and D within the non-redundant genotypes studied. Twenty-seven pedigrees were confirmed and nine new trios were established. Ancestors of eight genotypes remain unknown.
Introduction: In forensic science, age estimation for identification purposes of living and deceased individuals, is of great importance. It is crucial for humanitarian reasons in both civil and criminal cases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to contribute to the process of forensic age estimation using dental age assessment with mineralization stages of Demirjian method, and maturity indexes of permanent mandibular second (I 2M ) and third molars (I 3M ). Material and methods: Two samples were used from a Portuguese population; for I 2M , 591 orthopantomo graphy's aged between 7 and 15 years and for I 3M , 350 orthopantomography's aged between 12 and 23 years. Age estimation was obtained using linear regression models, each model was estimated with all observations and without observations, in which I 2M or I 3M = 0. Results: The results of ICC for intra and interobserver validation varied between 0.608 and 0.999 for both indexes. Pearson correlation coefficient between each index and chronological age showed that all indexes were significantly negatively correlated with chronological age. The standard error of estimate and the mean absolute error were continually low without patients with null index. Conclusions: Application of I2M is reproducible in a Portuguese population for medicallegal application in a population aged 7 to 15 years, when the corresponding index is positive. Third molar must be used only if its index is positive. The inclusion of Demirjian staging in both models significantly increases accuracy.
Objective Better understanding of dental age assessment may help in cases of age estimation in Forensic Clinics. The first aim was to provide essential information on method reliability for upcoming studies using dental age assessment by second molar index (I 2M ), and third molar index (I 3M ) for age estimation on legal ages of 12 - 14 years. The second aim was to document forensic method outcomes of the Demirjian method which has already been used in forensic clinic. Material and Methods Two samples were used for this purpose: for I 2M , 633 orthopantomographs (270 females / 363 males), the age range from 7 to 17 years and for I 3M , 471 orthopantomographs (253 females / 218 males), the age range from 10 to 23 years, from the database population of Lisbon North University Hospital Center, approved by the Ethic Committee. Results The I 3M cut-off point (1.133) for 12- year- olds obtained better results than the cut-off point stated by the I 2M (0.135). Besides, I 2M cut-off point (0.001) for 14- year- olds showed better results when compared with the cut-off point (0.705) established by the I 3M . Both methods are reliable for the legal age thresholds of 12 and 14 years. However, using I 2M and I 3M allows us to vary the cut-off value to privilege sensitivities or specificity, depending on which is more appropriate to the intended application. Conclusions The accuracy (88.94%) of I 3M obtained better results for the 12- year- old cut-off point (1.133) and the accuracy (90.21%) of the I 2M performed better for the 14- year- old cut-off point (0.001).
Treatments that increase the germination potential and vigor of Glycine max seedlings are continuously being stimulated, with the aim of achieving a higher percentage of emergence and better performance in the field. Considering the relationship of tryptophan with germination-associated phytohormones, this study tested the hypothesis that exogenous supply of tryptophan to soybean seeds can affect germination, physiological vigor, and the accumulation of primary and oxidative metabolism molecules in seedlings. Soybean seeds were exposed to soaking solutions containing different concentrations of the amino acid (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µM), and the seedlings were evaluated at three time periods, at 8 h after sowing (HAS), and 5 and 14 days after sowing (DAS). Treated seeds showed better germination fitness and seedlings showed greater vigor, and these parameters increased with increasing concentrations of tryptophan. In the initial hours and days of germination process evaluation (14 HAS and 5 DAS), the activities of starch metabolism enzymes (α- and β-amylase) tended to be higher, resulting in increased contents of sucrose, reducing sugars, and total soluble solids at 8 DAS, constituting an important metabolic effect for seedling growth. On the other hand, the induction of germination and vigor promoted by exogenous tryptophan in soybean seedlings occurred by stimulating the metabolic pathways of oxidative stress, resulting in increased concentrations of H2O2, malondialdehyde, and proline in the tissues. Additionally, it led to increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase. These parameters were responsive to increasing supplied concentrations of tryptophan. Thus, the metabolic stress in soybean seeds induced by auxin seems to be an important inductive pathway for germination and vigor of G. max seeds.
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