General properties of clays from Ceramica Murano Mine, in the municipality of El Zulia, Norte de Santander, have been investigated. Five clay samples were collected from different mantles of the mine. All the samples were characterized using chemical and mineralogical analysis, as well as physical properties like particle size, plasticity, drying and firing shrinkage and water absorption capacity. The chemical and mineralogical results indicated that all samples contained different amount of kaolinite and quartz, followed by hematite and anatase. Low amounts of muscovite were found mainly in samples F2 and F5. These clays are suitable for use as a raw material in creating ceramic construction products, especially for the manufacture of roof tiles and bricks according to the Winkler methodology. The variations found in the characterization of the raw material influence the technological properties of the ceramic that can be obtained from the clays under study.
Social wasps are insects that construct their nests using wood pulp, plant and themselves secretions for the accomplishment of their activities as a colony. Currently in Colombia, there is little knowledge about this interesting material due to its characteristics, which could be used in promising applications. In this work the chemical and thermal characterization of nests of seven species of wasps (Agelaia pallipes, Agelaia multipicta, Agelaia areata, Polybia aequatorialis, Parachartergus apicalis, Mischucytharus imitator, Brachygastra lecheguana) living in Norte de Santander, was carried out with the purpose of establishing if there are significant differences between species and provide information that could be used as a model or precursors for the synthesis in biomimetics and / or nanotechnology. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed using a Thermal analyser SDT-Q600 from T.A. Instruments. An infrared spectrophotometer FT-IR SHIMADZU Prestige-21 with ATR was used for infrared analysis. The fluorescence analysis (XRF) was performed using a sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer of dispersive wavelength of 4kW BRUKER model S8 TIGER. The thermogravimetric analysis shows three mass losses and four degradation processes related to moisture loss, degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. The infrared analysis allowed identifying characteristic functional groups of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Through the X-ray fluorescence analysis, some metals such as K, Ca, Al, Mg, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Li were found. The analyses made of the samples allowed to establish differences and similarities in the construction material of the studied species.
Las cenizas producto de la combustión del carbón utilizado para alimentar los hornos colmena de la industria cerámica de Norte de Santander, contienen contaminantes potencialmente peligrosos para el medio ambiente y hasta el momento no tienen ninguna aplicación práctica, por lo cual, se convierten en un material de desecho en el departamento. En este estudio, se desarrolló una formulación para realizar un material cerámico compuesto de una mezcla de arcilla de Norte de Santander (Colombia) y residuos de cenizas provenientes de la combustión del carbón utilizado para alimentar hornos colmena de la región, las cuales fueron adicionadas en proporciones de 10, 20 y 30% en peso, conformando con las mezclas prototipos de bloques cerámicos extruídos y sinterizados en un rango de temperatura entre 900 a 1100 °C, con gradientes de 50°C. Se usó FTIRATR para identificar la presencia de diferentes grupos funcionales y se estudió la composición mineralógica mediante DRX de las materias primas; así mismo, se evaluó el comportamiento tecnológico de las mezclas desarrolladas. Los resultados permitieron seleccionar la mezcla en la que se agregó el 10 % de cenizas de carbón y una temperatura de cocción de 950 °C, ya que presentó un porcentaje de absorción de agua y una resistencia a la compresión acorde a los rangos establecidos por las normas colombianas, generando como valor agregado el aligeramiento y reducción de la temperatura de cocción, convirtiéndose en una alternativa de innovación y desarrollo que se puede utilizar en los procesos de producción de materiales tradicionales de la región con un sello ecológico
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