BACKGROUND: The presence of adverse side effects limits the use of doxorubicin (Dox) despite its cost-effectiveness compared to other chemotherapeutic agents. Brazilein (Be), the major compound of Caesalpinia sappan, performs co-chemotherapeutic potency in several cancer cell lines. This study evaluates the chemosensitizing effects of Be to Dox on colon cancer cell line, WiDr.METHODS: The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of Be and its combination with Dox. The synergistic effect of Be and Dox was examined by using the Combination index (CI) parameter. Cell cycle and apoptosis profiles were done using flow cytometry with propidium iodide (PI)/RNase and Annexin V staining, respectively.RESULTS: The combination of Dox and Be at half of IC50 on WiDr cells showed a synergistic effect with a combination index of 0.4. Analysis of the cell cycle revealed that the combination caused cell cycle termination at the S and G2/M phase. This finding corresponded with the data that single treatment of Dox and Be induced cell cycle arrest at the different phases, namely S and G2/M phase, respectively. However, the combination treatment for 24 hours did not induce apoptosis. This combination should be further clarified as there was a possibility that many cells may underwent permanently arrest that halts to proceed apoptosis.CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that Be synergizes with Dox to suppress the growth of WiDr cells via cell cycle arrest, hence, Be is potential to be developed as a co-chemotherapeutic agent. Our findings suggested that Be synergizes with Dox to suppress the growth of WiDr cells via cell cycle arrest, hence, Be is potential to be developed as a co-chemotherapeutic agent.KEYWORDS: Brazilein, colon cancer WiDr, co-treatment, Doxorubicin, cell cycle arrest
Numerous varieties of coffee, such as robusta, arabica, gayo and etcetera, was made in order to fulfill the needs of its lovers. In Tungkal, Jambi, Liberica coffee was recently discovered and the chemical reactions during roasting process produces several components, which are caffeine, chlorogenic acid, monosaccharides and others, to create a unique flavor as the identity. Unique flavor of Liberica coffee is obtained from the high temperature roasting process and the components in coffee. This research aims to determine the effect of Liberica coffee (Coffea liberica), concentration (0, 8.000, 10.000 and 12.000 ppm/day) on the physiological and histological structure of the mice’s kidney (Mus musculus L.) for 28 days. The results was showed that kidney histological observation of fatty degeneration, tubular swelling, and pyknotic nucleus associated with percentages of renal tubular damage in the control group, P1, P2 and P3 were 0.71±0.96, 4.91±0.17, 5.82±0.21 and 9.01±0.13 indicating low damage (<50%) and liberica coffee does not affect physiological function, such as creatinine level.Keywords : Liberica coffee, kidney, histological
The leaves of Erythrina has been used in Indonesia as a remedy for rheumatism, stomach-ache, asthma, dysentery, contact dermatitis, eczema and skin infections. However, there have been limited phytochemical or biological studies on the leaves of E. subumbrans and there are not studies that align with its traditional medicinal uses. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of the leaves of E. subumbrans to support its topical use in the treatment of skin infections. Disc diffusion agar assays were used to determine the antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of the leaves of E. subumbrans.The ethanol extracts showed the most significant activity with MIC values of 0,5 µg/mL. against a sensitive strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Extract concentration of 0,5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml showed inhibition zone continuously as high as 1,83 mm; 3,42 mm; 5,17 mm, and 8,00 mm. The ethanol extracts of the leaves of E. subumbrans also showed significant activity against Candida albicans with MIC values of 0,5 µg/mL. Extract concentration of 0,5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml showed inhibition zone continuously as high as 4,00 mm; 4,17 mm; 5,25 mm, and 6,50 mm. Bioactive substance test showed that alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and triterpenoid were found in E. subumbrans extract indicates potential activity as antimicrobial agent. These results provide support for the customary (traditional and contemporary) use of E.subumbrans leaves for the treatment of nosocomial infections.
Indonesia is one of the world's top coffee producing and exporting countries. Liberica coffee was one of the most widely cultivated types of coffee in Indonesia, especially in Tanjung Jabung Barat Jambi Province. Liberica coffee known as the coffee with highest levels of caffeine if compared with Arabica and Robusta coffee but the research about Liberica coffee was still very little if compared to the other two types of coffee. In the previous research, caffeine shown to be increasing alanine aminotransferase enzyme. Otherwise, coffee also contain chlorogenic acid which is a potent antioxidant and play a role in the protection of liver. The aim of this study are to investigate the effect of dark roasted Liberica coffee consumption on liver histological appearance, macroscopic anatomy and physiological function (serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) level). This was an experimental study with posttest only control group design, using 45 male white mice and divided into 4 groups: control (with no coffee treatment), P1, P2 and P3 which were given coffee treatment consecutively 8000 ppm; 10.000 ppm and 12.000 ppm for 28 days. The result showed that liver histological damage level associated with the extent coffee intake. Although, the damage shown is still in a low level and has no impact in increasing SGPT level.Keywords : Liberica coffee, Liver, Histological appearance, SGPT level
Durian (Durio zibethinus Linn.) has been shown to have toxicity effect on acute toxicity in vivo. Objective: This study aimed to determine the acute toxicity of the Durian Mesocarpium Ethanol Extracts (EEMD), various doses of Durian Mesocarpium Ethanol Extracts (EEMD) by examining in vivo to the healthy mice experimentally. The toxic effects appeared in a short time after 24 hours by oral administrations of the dosages. This study used completely randomized design. The animals used in this study were mice (Swiss Webster), with criteria are healthy, male, and the range of the ages were 2 -3 months with the body weight 20 -30 g. The various dosages of Durian Mesocarpium Ethanol Extracts (EEMD) were divided into six experimental groups to determine the LD50 there are K-(NaCMC); P1 (100 mg/KgBW); P2 (200 mg/KgBW); P3 (400 mg/KgBW); P4 (800 mg/KgBW); P5 (1600 mg/KgBW). The result showed that Durian Mesocarpium Ethanol Extracts (EEMD) has LD50 400 mg/KgBW which included in moderate toxicity with effect like tremor which is one of type acute toxicity due to healthy mice. Conclusion: Based on these results, Durian (Durio zibethinus Linn.) have moderate toxicity after 24 hours oral administration dosages.
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