Spondylolisthesis adalah kondisi tulang belakang yang salah satu ruasnya bergeser ke depan atau belakang dari ruas dibawahnya. Spondylolisthesis dapat menyebabkan kelainan struktur tulang belakang, penekanan pada nerve roots, dan kerusakan pada facet joint. Metode yang digunakan pada kasus ini yaitu kombinasi William Flexion Exercise, Short Wave Diathermy dan Infra Red Therapy yang dapat mengurangi nyeri dan meningkatkan lingkup gerak sendi pasien spondylolisthesis. Setelah dilakukan terapi selama enam kali didapatkan hasil perubahan penurunan nyeri diam T0 : 0 menjadi T6 : 0, nyeri tekan T0 : 1 menjadi T6 : 0, nyeri gerak T0 : 4 menjadi T6 : 1, dan terjadi peningkatan lingkup gerak sendi ekstensi-fleksi T0 : (35° - 0° - 50°) menjadi T6 : (35° - 0° - 60°).
COVID-19 is an epidemic that is being experienced by almost all countries in the world. Several things that can be done to suppress the spread of this disease are frequent hand washing, wearing masks, maintaining distance, avoiding crowds and limiting mobility. However, this regulation also raises some problems. For example, regulations regarding social restrictions that can trigger stress. Increasing the frequency of hand washing can trigger hand dermatitis. Based on these problems, the researchers are interested in developing aromatherapy hand cream products. This product has a dual function, which are as a hand moisturizer and as an aromatherapy product. The purpose of this study was to analyze the physical characteristics and consumer preference level of hand cream with different essential oils, namely 1% eucalyptus oil (HCE) and 1% sweet orange oil (HCO). Parameters of physical characteristics observed included organoleptic, pH, and spreadability. The results of the organoleptic test were analyzed descriptively. Meanwhile, the results of the pH and spreadability tests were analyzed using Independent Sample T-test statistical analysis. In the hedonic test, the parameters assessed were odor, color, and texture. Hedonic test data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney statistical analysis. Based on the physical characteristic test, it was concluded that HCE and HCO have the same visual appearance and spreadability. However, HCE and HCO have different odor and pH. Based on the hedonic test, it was concluded that the scent of HCO is preferred by the panelists than the scent of HCE.
Albizia saman seeds contain 24.2% starch which can be used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations. However, natural starch has unfavorable characteristics, so it needs to be modified. Pre-gelatinization is one of the physical modification methods which can improve the characteristics of natural starch. This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics of pregelatinized starch of Albizia saman seeds as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations. The current research consisted of two stages. The first stage included carrying out the phytochemical screening process for Albizia saman seeds, isolating starch from Albizia saman seeds, and determining the starch content of Albizia saman seeds using the Luff Schoorl method. In the second stage, the starch from Albizia saman was physically modified (pregelatinized) using a 1:1 ratio and then evaluated. The results of the phytochemical screening confirmed that the Albizia saman seeds were positive for containing secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. The determination of the starch content of the Albizia saman using the Luff Schoorl method was 95%. Furthermore, pregelatinized starch of Albizia saman seeds had good characteristics as evidenced by the results of the particle size distribution (251-425 µm), moisture content (0.064%), flow rate (8.45 g/s), angle of repose (0.6°), ash content (1.89%), and compressibility index (12.4%). To sum up, the pregelatinized starch of Albizia saman seeds have good characteristics in accordance with the requirements of the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia, so it can be developed as an excipient raw material in pharmaceutical preparations.
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