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Aims/hypothesis Two recent genome-wide association studies have identified several novel type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants in intron 15 of the KCNQ1 gene. We aimed to evaluate the effects of the variants in KCNQ1 on type 2 diabetes and metabolic traits in the population of mainland China. Methods Three candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in 1,912 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 2,041 normal controls using the ligase detection reaction method.Results We confirmed the association of KCNQ1 with type 2 diabetes in the population of mainland China. Allele frequency ORs of the three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were: rs2237892 (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.08-1.31, p = 3.0 × 10 −4 ); rs2237895 (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.09-1.32, p=1.9×10 −4 ); and rs2237897 (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.13-1.36, p= 3.9×10 −5 ). We also found a significant difference in the distribution of the global haplotypes between the type 2 diabetes group and the normal control group (p= 2.6×10 −5 ). In addition, in the control group SNP rs2237892 was marginally associated with increasing fasting plasma glucose and SNPs rs2237892 and rs2237897 were associated with HbA 1c . Furthermore, for all three variants, homozygous carriers of the diabetes-associated allele had significantly decreased BMI and waist circumferences. Conclusions/interpretation Our investigation confirmed the effects of KCNQ1 variants on type 2 diabetes risk in the Chinese population.

Abstract. Global climate change in the real world always exhibits simultaneous changes in multiple factors. Prediction of ecosystem responses to multi-factor global changes in a future world strongly relies on our understanding of their interactions. However, it is still unclear how nitrogen (N) deposition and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO 2 ] would interactively influence forest floor soil respiration in subtropical China. We assessed the main and interactive effects of elevated [CO 2 ] and N addition on soil respiration by growing tree seedlings in ten large open-top chambers under CO 2 (ambient CO 2 and 700 µmol mol −1 ) and nitrogen (ambient and 100 kg N ha −1 yr −1 ) treatments. Soil respiration, soil temperature and soil moisture were measured for 30 months, as well as above-ground biomass, root biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). Results showed that soil respiration displayed strong seasonal patterns with higher values observed in the wet season (April-September) and lower values in the dry season (October-March) in all treatments. Significant exponential relationships between soil respiration rates and soil temperatures, as well as significant linear relationships between soil respiration rates and soil moistures (below 15%) were found. Both CO 2 and N treatments significantly affected soil respiration, and there was significant interaction between elevated [CO 2 ] and N addition (p < 0.001, p = 0.003, and p = 0.006, respectively). We also observed that the stimulatory effect of individual elevated [CO 2 ] (about 29% increased) was maintained throughout the experimental period. The positive effect of N addition was found only in 2006 (8.17% increased), and then had been weakened over time. Their combined effect on soil respiration (about 50% increased) was greater thanCorrespondence to: D. Zhang (zhangdeq@scbg.ac.cn) the impact of either one alone. Mean value of annual soil respiration was 5.32 ± 0.08, 4.54 ± 0.10, 3.56 ± 0.03 and 3.53 ± 0.03 kg CO 2 m −2 yr −1 in the chambers exposed to elevated [CO 2 ] and high N deposition (CN), elevated [CO 2 ] and ambient N deposition (CC), ambient [CO 2 ] and high N deposition (NN), and ambient [CO 2 ] and ambient N deposition (CK as a control), respectively. Greater above-ground biomass and root biomass was obtained in the CN, CC and NN treatments, and higher soil organic matter was observed only in the CN treatment. In conclusion, the combined effect of elevated [CO 2 ] and N addition on soil respiration was apparent interaction. They should be evaluated in combination in subtropical forest ecosystems in China where the atmospheric CO 2 and N deposition have been increasing simultaneously and remarkably.

Camouflage is often seen in animals, and it presents in both passive and active forms. For instance, the wings of Closterocerus coffeellae exhibit distinct appearances against different backgrounds, while the chameleon actively changes its skin colors to morph into the environment. Herein, we report an artificial skin-like optoelectronic device that enables actively changing appearances and passively morphing into the environment by manipulating light–matter interactions with electrochromic polymers and photonic colloid nanocrystals. To construct the new electrochromic device, highly reflective, yet transmissive photonic nanocrystals are introduced into the gel electrolyte and sandwiched between the layers of electrochromic polymers and ion storage materials. Through voltage-controlled color switching of electrochromic polymers from colored state to bleached state, the degree of light absorbance, transmittance, and reflectance can be finely balanced and precisely modulated with the device. A broad synthesized color gamut and angle-dependent visual effects can be realized on this electronic skin-like device.

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Silicon integration of nanoscale metamaterials is a crucial step toward low-cost and scalable optical-based integrated circuits. Here, a self-assembled epitaxial Au–BaTiO3 (Au–BTO) hybrid metamaterial with highly anisotropic optical properties has been integrated on Si substrates. A thin buffer layer stack (<20 nm) of TiN and SrTiO3 (STO) was applied on Si substrates to ensure the epitaxial growth of the Au–BTO hybrid films. Detailed phase composition and microstructural analyses show excellent crystallinity and epitaxial quality of the Au–BTO films. By varying the film growth conditions, the density and dimension of the Au nanopillars can be tuned effectively, leading to highly tailorable optical properties including tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak and hyperbolic dispersion shift in the visible and near-infrared regimes. The work highlights the feasibility of integrating epitaxial hybrid oxide–metal plasmonic metamaterials on Si toward future complex Si-based integrated photonics.

The common variant in MTNR1B confers the risk of Type 2 diabetes and modulates FPG in both the Han Chinese and European populations.

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