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Basin ecohydrological processes are essential for informing policymaking and social development in response to growing environmental problems. In this paper, we review watershed ecohydrology, focusing on the interaction between watershed ecological and hydrological processes. Climate change and human activities are the most important factors influencing water quantity and quality, and there is a need to integrate watershed socioeconomic activities into the paradigm of watershed ecohydrological process studies. Then, we propose a new framework for integrated watershed management. It includes (1) data collection: building an integrated observation network; (2) theoretical basis: attribution analysis; (3) integrated modeling: medium- and long-term prediction of ecohydrological processes by human–nature interactions; and (4) policy orientation. The paper was a potential solution to overcome challenges in the context of frequent climate extremes and rapid land-use change.

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High efficiency Al–N cermet solar selective coatings have been designed using a numerical computer model and deposited experimentally. In numerical modeling calculations, Bruggeman approximations of dielectric function for composite materials were employed. Aluminum is used as a metallic component and AlON as a ceramic component in cermet. Numerical calculation results show that the double cermet layer film structure has the highest photothermal conversion efficiency for the Al–AlON cermet solar selective coatings. The optimized film has a solar absorptance of 0.958 and a hemispherical emittance of 0.035 at 80 °C. The optimized film yields two cermet layers with metal volume fractions of 0.143 and 0.275, and with layer thicknesses of 43 and 80 nm, going from the antireflection coating to the infrared reflector layer. In the optimized double cermet layer film the solar radiation is efficiently absorbed internally and by phase interference. Thermal loss is also efficiently reduced by using thin cermet layers with such low metal volume fractions, which are substantially transparent in the main wavelength region of blackbody radiation within the temperature range of interest, 50–200 °C. The predicted film structure has been used as a guide for the experimental deposition. The Al–N cermet solar selective coatings with double cermet layer film structure have been deposited onto batches of solar collector tubes using a commercial-scale cylindrical dc magnetron sputter coater. Two Al–N cermet solar absorber layers are deposited by dc reactive sputtering in a gas mixture of argon and nitrogen. The different metal volume fractions in the cermet layers are achieved by changing the reactive nitrogen gas flow rate, while the sputtering current is fixed. A solar absorption of 0.96 and a normal emittance of 0.08 at 80 °C have been achieved for deposited Al–N cermet solar coatings. The baking process, for 1 h at 400 °C in vacuum, hardly affects solar absorptance, however the emittance reduces about 0.01 at 80 °C. These high-performance low-cost Al–N cermet solar collector tubes may be a less-polluting replacement for black chromium solar collectors produced by electrochemical methods.

BackgroundLiving arrangement of the elderly is one of the most important components that affect their quality of life in later years. The aging, with the phenomenon of low fertility rate and family structure transformation, has caused changes in the living arrangements of the elderly. This research aimed to find the elderly's living arrangement preferences and influencing factors.MethodsThe data were obtained from The Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) in the 2018, and the sample was comprised of 9,638 individuals aged ≥ 60 years. Independent variables were divided into social support, health status and so-economic status. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between the above variates and living arrangement preferences.ResultsCurrently, in terms of living arrangement preferences, nearly half (45.6%) of the respondents choose not to live with their children. The binary model results showed that elderly who were married (OR = 0.166, 95% CI: 0.147–0.187), experienced more than 6 years of education (OR = 0.600, 95% CI: 0.517–0.695), ability of daily living (ADL) impaired (OR = 0.810, 95% CI: 0.720–0.912), suffering from multiple chronic diseases (OR = 0.803, 95% CI: 0.720–0.912), and obtained community services (OR = 0.884, 95% CI: 0.803–0.972) incline to not live with their children. The elderly who living in rural areas (OR = 1.244, 95% CI: 1.129–1.371), with an income of more than 500,000 yuan per year (OR = 1.557, 95% CI: 1.380–1.757), having children visiting regularly (OR = 1.405, 95% CI: 1.161–1.707) and receiving children's financial support (OR = 1.194, 95% CI: 1.080–1.319) are more likely to choose to live with their children.ConclusionsThis study found that the living arrangement preferences of the elderly were affected by social support and health status, and living with children is no longer the only option for the elderly these days. The elderly care services provided by communities or professional care institutions may become the mainstream of taking care of the elderly citizens in the aging society. Improving the types and forms of community nursing services to increase the accessibility of these services; setting up elderly care institutions reasonably and equipping adequate professional nursing staff should be considered as priority measures.

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