Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) leads to cognitive impairment (CI), but there have been no effective pharmacotherapies or drugs for cognitive dysfunction in T2DM. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a natural flavonoid compound extracted from the leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata and has various pharmacological effects including anti-oxidant and anti-diabetes. Thus, we investigated the effects of DHM on CI in T2DM mouse model and its possible mechanism. To induce T2DM, mice were fed with high-sugar and high-fat diet for 8 weeks, followed by a low dose streptozotocin (STZ) administration. After the successful induction of T2DM mouse model, mice were treated respectively with equal volume of saline (T2DM group), 125 mg/kg/d DHM (L-DHM group), or 250 mg/kg/d DHM (H-DHM group). After 16 weeks of DHM administration, the body weight (BW), fasting blood glucose, blood lipids, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance (IPGT), and cognitive function were determined. Then, alterations in the expressions of oxidative stress markers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus were investigated. Our findings demonstrated that DHM could significantly ameliorate CI and reverse aberrant glucose and lipid metabolism in T2DM mice, likely through the suppression of oxidative stress and enhancement of BDNF-mediated neuroprotection. In conclusion, our results suggest that DHM is a promising candidate for the treatment of T2DM-induced cognitive dysfunction.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from immune cells have shown great anti-cancer therapeutic potential. However, inefficiency in EV generation has considerably impeded the development of EV-based basic research and clinical translation. Here, we developed a seesaw-motion bioreactor (SMB) system by leveraging mechanical stimuli such as shear stress and turbulence for generating EVs with high quality and quantity from natural killer (NK) cells. Compared to EV production in traditional static culture (229 ± 74 particles per cell per day), SMB produced NK-92MI-derived EVs at a higher rate of 438 ± 50 particles per cell per day and yielded a total number of 2 × 1011 EVs over two weeks via continuous dynamic fluidic culture. In addition, the EVs generated from NK-92MI cells in SMB shared a similar morphology, size distribution, and protein profile to EVs generated from traditional static culture. Most importantly, the NK-92MI-derived EVs in SMB were functionally active in killing melanoma and liver cancer cells in both 2D and 3D culture conditions in vitro, as well as in suppressing melanoma growth in vivo. We believe that SMB is an attractive approach to producing EVs with high quality and quantity; it can additionally enhance EV production from NK92-MI cells and promote both the basic and translational research of EVs.
In order to improve the information management of the modern digital agriculture, combined several modern digital agriculture technologies, namely wireless sensor network (WSN), global positioning system (GPS), geographic information system (GIS) and general packet radio service (GPRS), and applied them to the information collection and intelligent control process of the modern digital agriculture. Combining the advantage of the local multi-channel information collection and the low-power wireless transmission of WSN, the stable and low cost long-distance communication and data transmission ability of GPRS, the high-precision positioning technology of the DGPS positioning and the large-scale field information layer-management technology of GIS, such a hybrid technology combination is applied to the large-scale field information and intelligent management. In this study, wireless sensor network routing nodes are disposed in the sub-area of field. These nodes have GPS receiver modules and the electric control mechanism, and are relative positioned by GPS. They can real-time monitor the field information and control the equipment for the field application. When the GPS position information and other collected field information are measured, the information can be remotely transmitted to PC by GPRS. Then PC can upload the information to the GIS management software. All the field information can be classified into different layers in GIS and shown on the GIS map based on their GPS position. Moreover, we have developed remote control software based on GIS. It can send the control commands through GPRS to the nodes which have control modules; and then we can real-time manage and control the field application. In conclusion, the unattended automatic wireless intelligent technology for the field information collection and control can effectively utilize hardware resources, improve the field information intelligent management and reduce the information and intelligent cost.
Two guanidinium-based ionic liquids (ILs), 2-ethyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([TMGEt][NTf 2 ]) and ethyl sulfate ([TMGEt][C 2 OSO 3 ]) were synthesized and characterized. Experimental densities and viscosities for the binary mixtures of the ILs with ethanol and 1-propanol from (293.15 to 323.15) K were measured over the whole composition range and at the atmospheric pressure of 0.1 MPa. The excess molar volumes (V m E ) and the viscosity deviations (Δη) for the binary systems were calculated and fitted with the Redlich−Kister equation. It is found that the density of [TMGEt][NTf 2 ] is much higher than that of [TMGEt][C 2 OSO 3 ] at the same temperature, while the viscosity of the former with the value of 74.61 mPa·s is only 1 / 9 of that of the latter at 293.15 K. This indicates that the difference of the anions has a significant influence on the density and viscosity of the ILs with the same guanidinium cation. The addition of ethanol or 1-propanol leads to negative values of V m E and Δη, which result from the efficient packing of the constituents in the binary mixtures and the weakening of anion−cation interactions of the ILs. The partial molar volumes, excess partial molar volumes, Gibbs energy, and excess Gibbs energy of activation for viscous flow of the binary mixtures also have been calculated. It is hoped that the results provide useful information for the fundamental physicochemical properties of the guanidinium-based ILs and their further applications. ■ INTRODUCTIONOrganic salts with melting points lower than 373.15 K are generally considered as ionic liquids (ILs). 1−3 ILs have so many attractive features, such as low melting point, low volatility, nonflammability, and high thermal and chemical stabilities, that they have been studied extensively since the end of the 20th century. Nowadays, a large amount of scientific works have been carried out with ILs as alternative solvents for dissolution of various substances (acidic gases, 4−8 cellulose, 9−11 metals, and metallic compounds, 12−14 etc.) and extraction of different target compounds (hydrocarbons, 15−19 organic sulfurs, 20−24 and proteins, 25,26 etc.) from liquids. The ILs are also treated as specific reaction media in some cases. 27−30 As the cations and anions are both switchable, new species of ILs are continuously synthesized in the laboratory for various purposes. By far, the most favored cation and anion are the imidazolium cation and the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([NTf 2 ] − ) anion. In most cases, the ILs containing these ionic moieties are low-viscous, low-melting, and stable to heat and moisture, and they are often inert in terms of chemical changes. However, the disadvantage of the higher viscosity of the pure IL compared with traditional solvents is considerable. Thus, a combination of the IL with other low-viscous and low-toxic liquid components such as ethanol can be considered as an alternative to the pure IL. This approach may also alleviate the cost problem for expensive ILs such...
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