Natural gas has been formed by the degradation of organic matter accumulated in the past millions of years. Two main mechanisms (biogenic and thermogenic) are responsible for this degradation. Natural gas is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon constituents and exists as a gas under atmospheric conditions. The objective of gas processing is to separate: Natural gas, Condensate, Non-condensable, Acid gases, Water. The raw gas is first treated to remove typical contaminants. Next, the treated gas is chilled, cooled and condensed to-162°C in succession using propane, ethylene and methane. Last stage is pumping LNG to storage tanks and awaiting shipment. Liquefied natural gas is used to transport natural gas over long distances, often by sea. In most cases, LNG terminals are purpose built ports used exclusively to export or import LNG. Natural gas consists almost entirely of methane (CH 4), the simplest hydrocarbon compound. India is the 14 th largest gas consumer 58 bcm (~158 mmscmd), 4th largest LNG importer 31 bcm (~82 mmscmd), Economy growing at CAGR of about 6-7% with similar growth in Energy Consumption. Government aims to significantly increase share of Natural Gas in Indian Energy basket to in coming years. Despite increase in domestic gas production dependency on imported gas to increase substantially. Pipeline network developing into a national grid needs to grow faster, connecting new markets. ExxonMobil's history in China dates back to 1892. This paper provides the present demand of LGN in India and also predicts future requirements, to help India's economic and social growth.
Digitalization with orderly innovations are breaking the industry barriers and changing the existing core business models which have been practiced for decades. Wireless communication has penetrated in all fields of technology, especially in the mobility, where wireless transactions are gaining importance with improvements in standards like 3G, 4G & 5G. The Digital transformation came into existence with the advent of the fourth industrial revolution, referred to as Industry 4.0, which is circumscribed by the automation techniques such as big data analytics, digital systems, cyber algorithms, cloud computing, cognitive computing, and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) in a cyber-physical continuum which now building the platform for 5G. Importantly, at the same time, the cloud computing is revolutionizing many industries by providing organizations with computing resources featuring easy deployment, connectivity, configuration, automation, and scalability. This paper presents overviews of the existing technologies and a wide array of both earlier and state-of-theart projects on data-cloud's security and privacy. This research studies also comprehends the possible upcoming technological changes at airports, and acknowledges & analyzes the digital forces affecting the future during the implementation of 5G. We also categorized this research according to the cloud reference architecture orchestration, resource control, physical resource, and cloud service management layers, in addition to reviewing the existing developments in privacy-preserving sensitive data approaches in data-cloud's computing such as privacy threat modeling, protocols and solutions.
Continuous stirrer tank mixerÁsettlers are still widely used in the treatment of industrial effulents and in the bio-chemical process industry for operations that require high capacity and for stages such as fermentation. The obvious disadvantages of mixing and settling are the capital cost, space requirement and the inventory of material held up in the equipment. An economic design for a contactor would produce the most efficient contact combined with rapid and complete separation of the two phases in the smallest possible volume and time. There are a number of alternatives to the mixerÁsettler, of which the gullwing separator appears particularly promising owing to its simplicity, compact nature and energy efficiency. The gullwing contactor separator is a novel design of equipment that works by turbulent jet contact, combined with instantaneous hydro-cyclone separation for extraction of solute from one solvent to another where the two solvents are immiscible and have a density difference. The fundamental reason why the mass transfer coefficient is increased in the gullwing contactor separator is the high relative velocity between the two phases, which reduces interfacial film resistance. A modified design of a batch as well as a two-stages continuous contactor has been successfully developed and optimized for a test system. To carry out separation in a jet contactor separator, continuous contact of tetrachloroethylene (TCE) '5% Ethyl Acetate (EA) and water is achieved with the help of a recirculation pump. This recirculation pump produces a high velocity of light phase (water), which moves through 20 turbulent jets. When the high velocity streams come into contact with a stagnant pool of droplets forming the dispersed phase (TCE), mass transfer occurs. The heavy phase (TCE ' 5% EA) is broken into discrete droplets and EA is entrained in the light phase (water), resulting in forced diffusion and extraction. Simultaneously, the separation of heavy and light phase takes place as the TCE coalesces under the wings, rotates circumferentially and returns to the bottom of the contactor. The centrifugal force expected to be developed in the gullwing was calculated. It was observed that, using a 65 mm gullwing with 10 mm extra, 20 )4 mm jets per stage, 40 mm heavy phase pool depth and injecting light phase at 2 m/s, a centrifugal force three times greater than gravity was obtained. Total escape axial and radial velocities of the light phase in the gullwing were also evaluated. It was also observed that the total escape, that is, the combination of radial and axial escape, affects the overall separation of two phases in the two-stage countercurrent gullwing contactor separator. The stage arrangement is compact. The design is also potentially capital cost-effective as extraction and separation are carried out in the same vessel. Since any number of stages can be accommodated in the same vessel, the extractor/separator can be tailored to a great variety of extraction processes. (It may be considered to be similar to a horiz...
Materials deforms in response to an externally applied stress. The deformation can be permanent or temporary. Permanent deformation stays after the removal of the applied stress, while temporary deformation disappears on the removal of the stress. Both temporary and permanent deformations can be functions of time or virtually independent of time. Processing and handling of intermediate or final products involving particulate materials dispersed in liquid media at high solids volume fraction means Soft-Solids, present major challenges in the chemical industry and in its allied sections, such as; Biochemical and Biotechnology apparently the drugs and Pharmaceuticals industries. In the development of new processes, manufactures are faced with growing diversity of equipment options and a limited technical basis for selection, of their complex flow behaviour and the influence of the wall boundary conditions. Pilot scale trials may be lengthy, expensive and has to rely on uncertain rules of modelling scale-up. Therefore the current strategy which is emerging world-wide is to employ computer simulation as a basis for optimising the design and operating parameters. Importantly, soft-solids exhibit complex bulk flow and interfacial properties; that leads to the requirement for accurate and reliable constitutive information to model their processing. To obtain useful experimental data, there is a need for a well characterised and reproducible material. The "BEST" material will undergo sufficient plastic flow so as to be capable of being formed. Therefore a model paste Plasticine for Simulation and Terracotta for Modelling has been tested by CONE indenter over a wide range of strain rates. It was found that the terracotta exhibits a linear elastic behaviour at low stress levels and power law creeping behaviour at higher levels of stress. All the loading and relaxation tests at various strain-rates give the same material properties. This means that the model works reasonably well. The analysis of loading and relaxation is simple robust and easily provides a value of E, and the flow curve, this is also true for CONE indentation of soft-solids. The primary aim of this project was to attempt for developing and evaluating codes of the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) which are specifically designed for paste system. The finite element method has been shown to be viable computational tool for modelling pastes and the effects of the friction. However the practicality of the data method is very much dependent upon the accurate modelling of the paste behaviour. The predicted results, in some cases, show a reasonable agreement with those obtained experimentally.
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