Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito borne parasitic infection and can severely affect the normal working ability of an individual. Currently there is no vaccine available to prevent this infection and the development of a potential vaccine could effectively support the on-going mass drug administration program by World Health Organization (WHO). Filarial parasites have complex mechanisms to modulate the host immune responses against them. The glutathione-S-transferases (GST) are the important enzymes effectively involved to counteract the oxidative free radicals produced by the host. In the present study, we have shown that the mastomys which are fully permissible rodents for Brugia malayi when immunized with Wuchereria bancrofti recombinant GST (rWbGST) could induce 65.5 % in situ cytotoxicity against B. malayi infective (L 3 ) larvae. There was a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response in the vaccinated animals, characterized by higher levels of WbGST-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies and pronounced IFN-c, IL-10 and IL-4 cytokines production by the spleen cells.
The Nitric oxide (NO.) is an intermediate between molecular oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2). N2 has low solubility and readily diffuse through membranes as easily as through cytoplasm and is a strong oxidant. Molecular oxygen propagates free radical damage and has a central role in oxidative stress and in infectious diseases. In our study nitric oxide and lipid peroxide (MDA) level is measured in 100 healthy controls and in 60 infectious diseases patients. Both nitric oxide level (P<0.001) and lipid peroxide (p<0.001) was found significantly high in infectious diseases patient group than normal healthy control. The study concludes that NO· is the effector molecule that initiates the cytotoxic effects by increasing the oxidative stress.
Lungs are the only organs which are continuously exposed to external environment through the process of breathing. The cigarette smoking is main leading cause of various morbidities related to lungs. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) are the two very important parameters of which ADA is required for maintaining proper immunity and A1AT is required for resolving oxidant stress on lungs by various mechanism. In the present study we evaluated the level of these parameters in active cigarette smokers without lung disease and COPD patients, and found that ADA level was significantly high in healthy smokers and COPD patients as compared to healthy controls (P<0.001). Whereas significantly lower levels of alfa-1 antitrypsin (P<0.001) as compared to healthy controls. The present study consist of total 100 subjects as healthy controls, 6o as active smokers and 6o as COPD patients. We also assessed effect of vitamin E supplementation in smokers and COPD patients. It has been found that there is significant recovery in the above mentioned parameters after treatment with vitamin E; confirming protective antioxidant role of vitamin E. Thus the present study confirmed the deliberate overactivity of adenosine deaminase and decreased activity of alpha-1 antitrypsin in COPD patients and smokers leading to oxidative stress and various lung diseases.
Abstract:Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem with an increasing incidence and prevalence, poor outcomes, and high cost. Outcomes of chronic kidney disease include not only kidney failure but also complications of decreased kidney function and cardiovascular disease. Current evidence suggests that some of these adverse outcomes can be prevented or delayed by early detection and by haemodialysis. The aim is to study and correlate the markers of chronic renal failure in patients undergoing with haemodialysis and without haemodialysis. The study consist of total 35 subjects as healthy controls, 35 as chronic renal failure without haemodialysis and 35 as chronic renal failures undergoing haemodialysis from last 5 months and more. Biochemical parameters studied were serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, creatinine, Na + and K + . In the studied parameters, serum triglycerides, urea, creatinine, potassium were found to be significantly (p<0.01) increased in CRF without haemodialysis, but after haemodialysis these parameters were found to be normal except serum triglycerides, which was increased even after haemodialysis. No significant difference was seen in total cholesterol and sodium levels in studied groups (p>0.05). Chronic renal disease is accompanied by characteristic abnormalities of lipid metabolism, which appear as a consequence of nephrotic syndrome or renal insufficiency and are reflected in an altered urea, creatinine and potassium as well as elevated plasma triglyceride levels. Thus there is a correlation between the progression of renal disease and dyslipidemia. High triglyceride serum levels have been demonstrated to be independent risk factors for progression of renal disease in humans.
To read a scientific article is a comprehensive task. Normally one can approach this task with treating it like textbook; reading the scientific article from title to references cited, accepting everything along the way without any your reflection or criticism over the article, is the most wrong way of reading an article. Reading a scientific research article for the first time may be confusing and little difficult to comprehend. The current information suggests you how to read a scientific article beat by beat and thoroughly. You should not approach a scientific article like a textbook; i.e. reading from beginning to end of the chapter or book without pause for reflection or criticism. Additionally, it is highly recommended that you highlight and take notes as you move through the article. Having proper notes while reading an article will keep you focused on the task and help you work towards proper comprehension of the entire article.
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