BackgroundSkin microbiome is quiet diverse. There are several factors influencing the skin microbiome, such as skin diseases. However, the effects of leprosy on the skin microbiome remain unclear and there are only a few studies about skin microbiome on leprosy. The aim of this study was to investigate the alpha diversity of skin microbiome on lesional site of multibacillary (MB) leprosy patients who visited the top referral hospital in West Java Indonesia. Here in this study we characterize the skin microbiome in leprosy patient in compared to healthy individual by using next generation 16S rRNA sequencing. A total 18 skin swab samples were collected from 18 samples (14 leprosy patients, 4 healthy individuals).ResultsTaxonomic analysis of leprous skin lesions revealed main five phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were overrepresented in leprosy patients, while Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria were diminished in leprosy patients compared to healthy individuals. The main five genera in leprous skin lesions were Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, and Propionibacterium. Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, and Micrococcus were enriched in leprosy patients, while Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium which have a protective role in normal skin, were diminished in leprosy patients when compared with healthy individuals. Twenty-five species were found in leprous skin lesions that were not typical in human skin and considered as potentially pathogenic. The alpha diversity analysis showed that leprous skin lesions is less diverse than that of the healthy skin microbiome.ConclusionAs a conclusion, the skin microbiome on lesional site of leprosy patient show alteration and less diverse compare to healthy individuals. This suggest that leprosy can affects skin microbiome profile or otherwise.
Background: Cutaneous metastasis (CM) is a rare condition characterized by skin infiltration and cell proliferation from malignant tumor. Breast cancer is the most common primary malignancy causing CM. This retrospective study aimed to recognize the characteristics of CM from internal organ malignancies, based on the medical records from the Tumor and Dermatology Surgery Division, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia during October 2008-September 2018. Methods: The diagnosis of CM referred to clinical manifestations, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examinations. All medical records of patients contained gender and age, primary malignancy, clinical manifestations and location of skin disorders, time interval between diagnosis of primary malignancy and occurrence of CM, and mortality. Data were collected and evaluated descriptively. Results: A total of five subjects consisted of 3 patients with breast cancer, 1 patient with lung cancer, and 1 patient with prostate cancer. The subjects' age ranged from 40 to 49 years old (40%) and above 60 years old (40%) with the male to female ratio of 2:3. Breast cancer is found to be the most common malignancy (60%). All of the subjects had a skin lesion on the chest wall, abdomen, and back, and 60% of subjects had a nodule as a clinical manifestation. As much as 60% of subjects have died within four months after CM diagnosis was established. Conclusion: Breast cancer is the most common cause of CM. The CM's primary malignancies are affected by sex, age, clinical manifestations, predilection, and mortality characteristics.
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