The choline transporter (ChT) is used to transporte choline‐derivate‐modified nanoparticles across the blood‐brain barrier. It is demonstrated that ChT is an ideal Trojan horse. The choline‐derivate‐modified nanoparticles exhibit higher permeability across the brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) monolayer in vitro and higher gene distribution and expression in vivo.

Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) sits at the crossroads of sphingomyelin (SM), ceramide, diacylglycerol (DAG) metabolism. It utilizes ceramide and phosphatidylcholine as substrates to produce SM and DAG, thereby regulating lipid messengers which play a role in cell survival and apoptosis. There are two isoforms of the enzyme, SMS1 and SMS2. Both SMS1 and SMS2 contain two histidines and one aspartic acid which are evolutionary conserved within the lipid phosphate phosphatase superfamily. In this study, we systematically mutated these amino acids using site-directed mutagenesis and found that each point mutation abolished SMS activity without altering cellular distribution. We also explored the domains which are responsible for cellular distribution of both enzymes. Given their role as a potential regulator of diseases, these findings, coupled with homology modeling of SMS1 and SMS2, will be useful for drug development targeting SMS.

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