Background: Rhodamine B is a component of xenobiotic substance metabolized by cytochrome P450 in the body to produce free radicals, which affects the activity of Superoxidase Dismutase (SOD), thereby, leading to oxidative stress, injury, increase in cell apoptosis and brainstem. This study aims to determine the effect of Rhodamine B on BAX and BCL-2 in the cerebellum and brainstem tissue of Rattus norvegicus.Design and Methods: The True Experimental Design was used to carry out a post-test examination on the control group of twenty-eight Wistar female Rattus norvegicus mice between the ages of 10-12 weeks. Then, samples were categorized into 4 groups in body weight doses of 4.5 mg/200g, 9 mg/200g, and 18 mg/200g. They were administrated with Rhodamine B personde for 36 days. Results: The results showed that Rhodamine B had a direct and indirect effect on BAX and BCL-2 expressions, respectively, in the cerebellum tissue and wistar strain of Rattus norvegicus. In addition, the positive path coefficient of BAX expression has a positive effect on BCL-2. This means that an increase in BAX has a direct impact on decreasing BCL-2 expression in cerebellum tissue and brainstem of Rattus norvegicus wistar strain along with an increased dose of Rhodamine B. Conclusions: In conclusion, Rhodamine B tends to increase BAX expression which directly decreases BCL-2 in Cerebellum tissue and Brainstem in Rattus norvegicus along with increasing doses.

No abstract

The high maternal mortality rate or MMR in Indonesia is an important issue that needs to be handled seriously. AKI is a measure of maternal health success and is a barometer of health services in a country, if the rate is still high, it means that health services in the country are categorized not good (Adriansz, 2007). So one of the efforts that need to get attention in reducing AKI is through improvement of health service quality of pregnant and maternity mother especially through antenatal care. The purpose of this study to determine the perception of pregnant women on antenatal care (ANC) in the Bolorejo village, Kauman District, Tulungagung Regency. This research is a qualitative research with cross sectional research design. Variable in this research is pregnant woman's perception on antenatal care service with population counted 11 responden, using technique of non probability sampling saturated (census), where research tool used is structured interview guidance, research location in Bolorejo village, Kauman district, Tulungagung regency. Time of study in July 2017. Presentation of data in the form of pie chart. From the results of the study obtained the results of pregnant women's perception on antenatal care service in the village of Bolorejo District Kauman Tulungagung district based on the care of ANC 10T that has been given to pregnant women has not been fully achieved. This is indicated from the data of the majority of pregnant women have received antenatal care 8T (80%) While a small proportion of pregnant women have not received antenatal care 2T (20%) which includes TT immunization and laboratory examination related to pregnancy (PP test, Hb, Protein urine, Urine reduction). Pregnant women who do not get TT immunization that there is 1 pregnant women due to pregnant women check into the village midwife in late third trimester of pregnancy and approaching delivery. As for pregnant women who do not get laboratory tests related to pregnancy (PP test, Hb, urine protein, urine reduction) that is as many as 3 pregnant women because the pregnant women did not want to be examined for fear of injections and no signs of danger pregnancy accompanying pregnant women during pregnancy (seen from the characteristics of respondents based on maternal reproductive age in low risk categories, based on parity also low risk). For pregnant women who are afraid of injections have actually been motivated by health cadres and village midwives but pregnant women are still not pleased to do laboratory examination (Based on the perception of pregnant women to public services and services ANC indicates that the services provided by health personnel are in conformity with standards) So that an unacceptable ANC examination of the standard (10T) was caused by a low awareness of pregnant women themselves. Keywords: Perception, Pregnant Women, Antenatal Care

Rhodamine B is a textile dye compounds containing chlorine (Cl-), alkylating (CH3-CH3), Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) which activate the enzyme cytochrome P-450 as well as the structure of quinone which is very redox that leads to the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS increases induce apoptosis of the intrinsic pathway. The imbalance ratio between BAX and BCL-2 stimulates apoptosis in Hippocampus tissue. “The selected design was “the post test only control group” using twenty-eight Wistar female Rattus norvegicus mouse age of 10-12 weeks. There was a significant difference (p-value <0.05) of total BCL-2 expression between the control group to the treatment group. Correlation coefficient of 0.945 indicates that the level of the relationship/ correlation is very strong category. Increasing doses of Rhodamine B was given, accompanied by the decrease in the expression of BCL-2. Correlation coefficient of -0.731 indicates that the level of the relationship/ correlation belongs strong category. It is concluded that Rhodamin B has been verified as capable to increase the expression of BAX and to reduce the expression of BCL-2 in hippocampus tissue on Rattus norvegicus.

Even though the universal hepatitis B vaccination program has been conducted in Indonesia since 1997, but until 2018, it has not fulfilled the expected target and tends to experience a decreasing trend. The result of this study was expected to contribute to the government in formulating the best approach to succeed the hepatitis B vaccination program in Indonesia and other countries in the world in the future.The survey of empirical studies and the analysis of articles related to the global perspective in controlling hepatitis B virus through vaccination: a review with a focus on Indonesia.The global prevalence of HBsAg in 2016 was 3.9%. The prevalence of HBsAg in Indonesia in 2016 showed that the population of adults and pregnant women were at risk of being infected with hepatitis B compared to pre-school students and other students. Giving hepatitis B vaccine recombinant in adolescents aged 15-18 years was proven to help give a high immunity and safe along with the decrease in anti-HBs in children after universal vaccination for newborn babies. According to the national immunization policy in Indonesia, the hepatitis B birth dose vaccine should be given within 7 days after the birth and followed by the combination of three vaccines, including diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and hepatitis B in 2, 3, and 4 months (DPT-HB3). Both hexavalent (DTaP-HB-Hib-IPV) and pentavalent (DTwP-HB-Hib) vaccines were effective in stimulating anti-HBs ≥10 mIU / ml, and therefore, both of them can be used as a single formula booster at the age of 18 months for simplifying the vaccination. A study identified two dominant genotypes (B and C) among adults in Indonesia. Furthermore, four zones of HBV subtype shared patterns identified in Indonesia: adw, ayw, adr, and mix. The development of vaccines and the detection of mutation passing the diagnostics in the antigenic epitopes in HBsAg will be beneficial for the authority of public health. Further, the diversity of nucleotide levels and amino acids as well as the difference in the proportion of dN/dS in PreS1, PreS2, and HBsAg showed a tendency of selective pressure of non-active status to advanced liver disease. A new policy related to School-Based Vaccination needs to be introduced in Indonesia with a regular medical check-up for vaccination status when registering the school or during elementary school. With an increased number of new vaccines and the dose of vaccine boosters for children targeting school-age students, SBV implementation, and the inspection of students' vaccination records at school can help increase the vaccination coverage.

Corona Virus was declared a world pandemic which resulted in thousands of deaths in 216 countries around the world. There are 103 million cases of Covid-19 in the world, with 57.3 million patients are recovered and 2.24 million patients are died. Meanwhile, Indonesia has reported 1,099,687 cases, the highest in Southeast Asia, ahead of the Philippines. In this study, we focused directly on empirical studies and related keywords on the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy and childbirth. Pregnant women have a higher risk of acquiring respiratory viral infections and severe pneumonia due to physiological changes in the immune and pulmonary systems. The effects of covid-19 on pregnancy and labor were studied and obtained contrary result, obtaining that it has no effect on the occurrence of miscarriages in the early first trimester, pregnant women are not at a higher risk of getting COVID-19 or suffering from more severe diseases than other adults, and no evidence on the ability of virus to be transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy or delivery. In addition, infants and young children are also known to have only mild forms of COVID-19. Meanwhile, other research obtained pro-results; including increased risk of obesity in early pregnancy, increased risk of membranes premature rupture by 11% and fetal distress by 14%, increased cases of delayed presentation of patients with ectopic pregnancy which causes increased morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, it also causes increased occurrence of hypercoagulability, increased maternal mortality with caesarean section by 58.3%, increased maternal mortality by vaginal delivery by 25% and premature infant mortality by 16.7%, perinatal mortality and morbidity, high risk of experiencing preeclampsia/eclampsia especially nullipara, severe infection. In addition, studies also discovered that covid-19 infection also increased the tendency of admission to intensive care unit, premature birth, risk of severe maternal complications, neonatal complications, miscarriage, stillbirth, fetal growth restriction, FIRS, neurosensory, developmental delay, and mental health improvement in pregnant women. In this case, the alternative management for handling COVID-19 during a pandemic in pregnant and maternal women is as follows: vaccines, embryonic mesenchymal stem cells, remdesivir, and convalescent plasma.

Introduction: Hepatitis B vaccination is important to protect individuals from Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the necessity of Hepatitis B vaccination among humans, especially among infants, children, teenagers, adults, risk groups, and health care workers. Methods: Three databases were used in this study, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. We reported the study using PRISMA-P guidelines. The keywords were used in this study (TITLE-ABS-KEY (vaccine) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (hepatitis AND b) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (boost)), and we obtained 275 articles. In the web of science, we used ((ALL=(vaccine)) AND ALL= (Hepatitis B)) AND ALL=(Boost), and we obtained 374 articles. In the PubMed, we used ((Vaccine [MeSH Terms]) AND (Hepatitis b [MeSH Terms])) AND (booster immunization [MeSH Terms]), and we obtained 417 articles. Results: There were 60 articles included in this systematic review. The systematic review results showed that infants, children, and teenagers, as well as adult groups who receive the hepatitis B vaccine, can protect for 5-30 years. Meanwhile, risk group and health care workers were suggested to obtain hepatitis B vaccine booster with low anti-HBsAg titer Conclusion: It needs to conduct anti-HBs Ag titer testing to decide whether they need a hepatitis B vaccination booster. Hepatitis B vaccine booster required for the group with anti-HBs Ag titer less than 10 mIU/mL.