Glycerides are lipid esters of the glycerol molecule and fatty acids. Their primary function is the storage of energy. Due to its structure and properties, glycerol participates in the formulation or synthesis of many compounds such as food products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, liquid detergents. Monoglycerides (MGs) can be formed by both industrial chemical glycerolysis and biological or enzymatic processes. Chemical glycerolysis bring issues of low MGs yield, high operating temperature, formation of undesirable by-products and high energy consumption. On the other hand enzymatic processes have advantages of mild reaction conditions and high purity of MGs. But, several purification steps are required to obtain food or pharmaceutical grade MG, such as neutralization of the reaction media and discoloration followed by expensive molecular distillation. The purpose of this article is to review the main challenges in the synthesis of MGs from triglycerides (TGs) contained in the various fixed oils and application thereof in the food and pharmaceuticals.

A series of 3‐{2‐[1‐acetyl‐5‐(substitutedphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydropyrazol‐3‐yl]hydrazinylidene}‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐indol‐2‐ones 24–43 was synthesized using an appropriate synthetic route and evaluated experimentally by the maximal electroshock test. These compounds were evaluated for antidepressant and antianxiety activities. The most active compound, 3‐{2‐[1‐acetyl‐5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐4,5‐dihydropyrazol‐3‐yl]hydrazinylidene}‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐indol‐2‐one 25, exhibited an ED50 of 13.19 mmol/kg, a TD50 of 43.49 mmol/kg, and a high protective index of 3.29, compared with the standard drug diazepam. To get insights into the intermolecular interactions, molecular docking studies were performed at the active site of the GABAA receptor and the MAO‐A enzyme. Molecular docking studies are also in agreement with the pharmacological evaluation with potent compounds, exhibiting docking scores of −1.5180 and 0.7458 for the GABAA receptor and MAO‐A, respectively. The 3D‐QSAR analysis was carried out by Vlife MDS engine 4.3.1, and a statistically reliable model with good predictive power (r2 = 0.7523, q2 = 0.3773) was achieved. The 3D‐QSAR plots gave insights into the structure–activity relationship of these compounds, which may aid in the design of potent benzopyrrole derivatives as anticonvulsant agents. So, our research can make a great impact on those medicinal chemists who work on the development of anticonvulsant agents.

The manuscript describes design and synthesis of novel oxadiazolyl-2-oxoindolinylidene propane hydrazides as amide tethered hybrids of indole and oxadiazole and their evaluation for antiinflammatory and analgesic activity. The compounds were synthesized following five step reaction to yield fifteen derivatives as 3- (5-propane hydrazide and 3-[5-(4-methylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-N'-[2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene]propane hydrazide were found to be highly promising molecules with severity index of 0.35 and 0.56, respectively, which is promising for an analgesic compound. The hydroxy and methyl substitution on phenyl ring system provided with active anti-inflammatory compounds having increase in reaction time of 84.11 and 83.17%, respectively compared to standard drug at 85.84%. Molecular docking studies exhibit comparable interaction with synthesized derivatives and standard drug having a dock score of −4.44 by the K-nearest neighbour genetic algorithm method.

Context: In general, indole bearing azetidinone derivatives are exhibiting various biological activities. The evaluation of pharmacological potential of the indole bearing azetidinone derivatives as antidepressant agent has been relatively less explored. To get insight of the intermolecular interactions, the molecular docking studies are performed at active site of MAO-A enzyme. Aim: In this study, an attempt has been made to generate new molecular template by linking two pharmacophores (indole and azetidinone), which are likely to exhibit antidepressant-like action in animal models. Methods: The derivatives was synthesized by conventional reactions and characterized by various spectrometric methods. The derivatives were evaluated for antidepressant activity by using forced swim test. Molecular docking studies of the synthesized derivatives with MAO-A enzyme were carried on Vlife MDS Molecular Modelling software, version 4.3.1. by using k-nearest neighbour genetic algorithm method. Results: All the final structures were assigned on the basis of IR, 1 H NMR, mass spectra and elemental analyses. The antidepressant evaluation exhibited final derivatives 26 and 36 as promising molecules with percentage decrease in immobility duration 66.82 and 65.61 respectively. Molecular docking studies are also in agreement with pharmacological evaluation with potent compounds exhibiting dock score -2.8474. Conclusion: It can be concluded that these compounds may have enough potential to be developed as antidepressant agent. It can be further studied for their structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and developed into potential lead molecules. So our research can make a great impact on those medicinal chemists who work on the development of MAO-A inhibitors.

Background: The heterocyclic nucleus pyrimidine is present in several natural and synthetic chemical analogues and has proved its broad medicinal applications. Further, pyrimidine in the form of parent structure or basic skeleton of RNA and DNA is involved in controlling the immune functioning, and in turn, inflammatory reactions. Method: Molecular docking studies of Indomethacin and selected analogues were carried out with COX-2 enzyme (PDB: 4ZOL). The synthesis of derivatives of 4-Phenyl-6-(phenylamino)pyrimidin-2-ol derivatives were begun by following Perkin condensation between substituted acetanilides and substituted aromatic aldehydes to yield an intermediate, which in turn produces the required nucleus for treatment with urea. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for in-vivo and in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Result: The docking interaction reflects a good dock score when compared with indomethacine a potent Anti-inflammatory drug. In the majority of the compounds, pyrimidine was able to form hydrogen bonding while the rest of the part was involved in hydrophobic bonding. All compounds were synthesized in good yield and confirmed by physical and spectral studies. In-vitro studies suggested that among all synthesized compounds, 5a and 5e when compared with standard drug Antipyrine while invivo data reflecting that compound 5a, 5c, 5e, and 5h were better in controlling inflammation. Conclusion: The synthetic work and experimental study reveals a good result for compound having more than one electron releasing groups on aniline moiety of pyrimidine, but also the absence of electron withdrawing group favours for better anti-inflammatory activity on the target.