The livestock and poultry production industry, regulatory agencies, and researchers lack a current, science-based guide and data base for evaluation of air quality mitigation technologies. Data collected from science-based review of mitigation technologies using practical, stakeholders-oriented evaluation criteria to identify knowledge gaps/needs and focuses for future research efforts on technologies and areas with the greatest impact potential is presented in the Literature Database tab on the air management practices tool (AMPAT). The AMPAT is web-based (available at www.agronext.iastate.edu/ampat) and provides an objective overview of mitigation practices best suited to address odor, gaseous, and particulate matter (PM) emissions at livestock operations. The data was compiled into Excel spreadsheets from a literature review of 265 papers was performed to (1) evaluate mitigation technologies performance for emissions of odor, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), particulate matter (PM), and greenhouse gases (GHGs) and to (2) inform future research needs.

Abstract:Managing the environmental impacts associated with livestock production is a challenge for farmers, public and regulatory agencies. Sustainable solutions that take into account technical and socioeconomic factors are needed. For example, the comprehensive control of odors, ammonia (NH 3 ), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from swine production is a critical need. Stored manure is a major source of gaseous emissions. Mitigation technologies based on bio-based products such as biochar are of interest due to the potential benefits of nutrient cycling. The objective of this study was to test non-activated (non-functionalized) biochar for the mitigation of gaseous emissions from stored manure. Specifically, this included testing the effects of: (1) time; and (2) dosage of biochar application to the swine manure surface on gaseous emissions from deep-pit storage. The biochar surface application was tested with three treatments (1.14, 2.28 and 4.57 kg·m −2 manure) over a month. Significant reductions in emissions were observed for NH 3 (12.7-22.6% reduction as compared to the control). Concomitantly, significant increases in CH 4 emissions (22.1-24.5%) were measured. Changes to emissions of other target gases (including CO 2 , N 2 O, H 2 S, dimethyl disulfide/methanethiol, dimethyl trisulfide, n-butyric-, valeric-, and isovaleric acids, p-cresol, indole, and skatole) were not statistically significant. Biochar treatment could be a promising and comparably-priced option for reducing NH 3 emissions from stored swine manure.

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Concentrated livestock feeding operations have become a source of odorous gas emissions that impact air quality. Comprehensive and practical technologies are needed for a sustainable mitigation of the emissions. In this study, we advance the concept of using a catalyst for barn walls and ceilings for odor mitigation. Two catalysts, a new TiO 2 -based catalyst, PureTi Clean, and a conventional Evonik (formerly Degussa, Evonik Industries, Essen, Germany) P25 (average particle size 25 nm) catalyst, were studied for use in reducing simulated odorous volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions on a laboratory scale. The UV source was black light. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), diethyl disulfide (DEDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), butyric acid, p-cresol, and guaiacol were selected as model odorants. The effects of the environmental parameters, the presence of swine dust covering the catalyst, the catalyst type and layer density, and the treatment time were tested. The performance of the PureTi catalyst at 10 µg/cm 2 was comparable to that of P25 at 250 µg/cm 2 . The odorant reduction ranged from 100.0 ± 0.0% to 40.4 ± 24.8% at a treatment time of 200 s, simulating wintertime barn ventilation. At a treatment time of 40 s (simulating summertime barn ventilation), the reductions were lower (from 27.4 ± 8.3% to 62.2 ± 7.5%). The swine dust layer on the catalyst surface blocked 15.06 ± 5.30% of UV 365 and did not have a significant impact (p > 0.23) on the catalyst performance. Significant effects of relative humidity and temperature were observed.

Comprehensive control of odors, hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), ammonia (NH 3 ), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with swine production is a critical need. A pilot-scale experiment was conducted to evaluate surface-applied soybean peroxidase (SBP) and calcium peroxide (CaO 2 ) as a manure additive to mitigate emissions of odorous volatile organic compounds (VOC) including dimethyl disulfide/methanethiol (DMDS/MT), dimethyl trisulfide, n-butyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, p-cresol, indole, and skatole. The secondary impact on emissions of NH 3 , H 2 S, and GHG was also measured. The SBP was tested at four treatments (2.28-45.7 kg/m 2 manure) with CaO 2 (4.2% by weight of SBP) over 137 days. Significant reductions in VOC emissions were observed: DMDS/MT (36.2%-84.7%), p-cresol (53.1%-89.5%), and skatole (63.2%-92.5%). There was a corresponding significant reduction in NH 3 (14.6%-67.6%), and significant increases in the greenhouse gases CH 4 (32.7%-232%) and CO 2 (20.8%-124%). The remaining emissions (including N 2 O) were not statistically different. At a cost relative to 0.8% of a marketed hog it appears that SBP/CaO 2 treatment could be a promising option at the lowest (2.28 kg/m 2 ) treatment rate for reducing odorous gas and NH 3 emissions at swine operations, and field-scale testing is warranted. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. b s t r a c tComprehensive control of odors, hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), ammonia (NH 3 ), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with swine production is a critical need. A pilot-scale experiment was conducted to evaluate surface-applied soybean peroxidase (SBP) and calcium peroxide (CaO 2 ) as a manure additive to mitigate emissions of odorous volatile organic compounds (VOC) including dimethyl disulfide/methanethiol (DMDS/MT), dimethyl trisulfide, n-butyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, p-cresol, indole, and skatole. The secondary impact on emissions of NH 3 , H 2 S, and GHG was also measured. The SBP was tested at four treatments (2.28e45.7 kg/m 2 manure) with CaO 2 (4.2% by weight of SBP) over 137 days. Significant reductions in VOC emissions were observed: DMDS/MT (36.2%e84.7%), p-cresol (53.1%e89.5%), and skatole (63.2%e92.5%). There was a corresponding significant reduction in NH 3 (14.6%e67.6%), and significant increases in the greenhouse gases CH 4 (32.7%e232%) and CO 2 (20.8%e124%). The remaining emissions (including N 2 O) were not statistically different. At a cost relative to 0.8% of a marketed hog it appears that SBP/CaO 2 treatment could be a promising option at the lowest (2.28 kg/m 2 ) treatment rate for reducing odorous gas and NH 3 emissions at swine operations, and field-scale testing is warranted.

Proof-of-concept for integrated, countercurrent, two-stage, enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing of soybeans was demonstrated on a pilot-plant scale (75 kg extruded flaked soybeans) where the protease used to demulsify the cream was recycled into upstream extraction stages. Oil, protein, and solids extraction yields of 98.0 ± 0.5%, 96.5 ± 0.4%, and 86.8 ± 0.5% were achieved by using the integrated countercurrent process. A three-phase horizontal decanter centrifuge efficiently separated the solids from the two liquid fractions (skim and cream). Fine separation between the two liquid fractions was important to reducing the volume of skim contaminating the cream fraction, thereby reducing the amount of enzyme used for cream demulsification and subsequent extraction. We were able to reduce enzyme use when moving from the laboratory to the pilot-plant scale, which reduced the degree of protein hydrolysis and improved cream demulsification. Enzyme-catalyzed cream demulsification was 91.6% efficient and 93.0% free oil recovery from cream was achieved by using the integrated approach.

Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease of global public health concern. Development of diagnostic tools to improve test accuracy and efficiency in domestic livestock and enable surveillance of wildlife reservoirs would improve disease management and eradication efforts. Use of volatile organic compound analysis in breath and fecal samples is being developed and optimized as a means to detect disease in humans and animals. In this study we demonstrate that VOCs present in fecal samples can be used to discriminate between non-vaccinated and BCG-vaccinated cattle prior to and after Mycobacterium bovis challenge.