Background: The study was conducted to evaluate the immunological effects of Propofol, Ketamine and Isoflurane in Dexmedetomidine and Butorphanol premedicated dogs.Methods: Four groups of dogs (A, B, C and D), 6 animals in each, were premedicated with Glycopyrrolate, Dexmedetomidine and Butorphanol. Induction was done with Propofol (A and B) and Ketamine (C and D). Anaesthesia was maintained with Isoflurane (A and C), Propofol (B) and Ketamine (D). The cytokine mRNA expressions and cell mediated immunity response were studied before and after anesthesia at different time intervals. Result: The down regulation of IL-2 was observed during the study period with significant changes in Group A, C and D except group B. The IL-4 and IL-10 showed non-significant up regulation in all the groups and gradually returned to the pre-induction level. The IL-6 showed significant down regulation at 2 hours and day 1 and up regulation on day 3 in all the groups. The TGF-β showed up regulation in all the groups and then came to the pre-induction level with significant changes in Group A, C and D.
Background: E. coli is one of the most important zoonotic pathogen and also an indicator of faecal contamination of food and water. There is paucity of data regarding the level of contamination of raw meat and characterization of pathogenic E. coli from slaughtered cattle and chicken in un-organized sector from Mizoram, India. Methods: Raw meat samples from traditionally slaughtered cattle and chicken were collected from Aizawl, Kolasib and Champhai districts of Mizoram and analyzed for E. coli count (ECC), serotypes and virulence genes of STEC and ETEC. Result: A proportion of 65.55 per cent beef and 58.89 per cent chicken had unacceptable level of ECC. The most predominant serotypes of E. coli were O118 (13.33%) in beef and O8 (13.89%) in chicken. Both STEC (8.00% and 6.94%) and ETEC (12.00% and 26.38%) pathotypes were detected in beef and chicken, respectively. Detection of serotype O121 in chicken and O26 and O111 in both beef and chicken along with virulence genes of STEC indicated the contamination of raw meat with highly pathogenic STEC strains.
Background: Cryptosporidium parvum is major protozoan parasite of both animals and humans with zoonotic significance. There is a paucity of information on its occurrence and associated risk factors in North Eastern states, India. The present study aimed at the molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium from cattle and cattle handlers in West district of Tripura and risk associates analysis. Methods: Faecal samples were randomly collected from cattle and cattle handlers (100 each), of West district, Tripura. The samples were subjected to sheather’s sucrose flotation, modified Zeihl Neelsen (mZN) staining and PCR assay targeting the 18S SSUr-RNA gene for detection of Cryptosporidium. The polemerised chain reaction- Restriction length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was done to detect Cryptosporidium spp. and C. parvum genotypes. Association of the epidemiological variables in relation to host and environment were studied for comparative analysis. Result: The incidence of Cryptosporidium was 16 per cent and 7 per cent in cattle and cattle handlers, respectively. The molecular characterisation based on PCR-RFLP analysis revealed 14 C. parvum and two C. andersoni and three C. parvum in cattle handlers. All the 14 C. parvum from cattle and one C. parvum from cattle handlers belonged to bovine genotype (genotype II) and other two C. parvum from cattle handlers belonged to the human genotype (genotype I). Cryptosporidiosis in both cattle and cattle handlers were strongly associated with younger age group and diarrhoeic faecal consistency with significantly (p less than 0.01) higher occurrence. However, significantly (p less than 0.05) higher predominance of monsoon season in occurrence of the disease was observed in cattle and sex predominance was not observed in both cattle and cattle handlers.
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