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This is a brief history of the beginnings of skin needling (collagen induction therapy) and Part 1 covers the original clinical work which was then validated by research primarily by Matthias Aust and team at Hanover Medical School, Germany. Skin needling became the very first medical procedure that induces regeneration instead of scar formation because it employs transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). We essay into methods to optimise the effects of skin needling.First by the depth of penetration into the skin which will depend on the condition treated. Wrinkles stretch marks, and so on only require 1.0 mm whereas burns scars acne scars, and so on require deeper penetration, that is, approximately 3.0 mm. In Part 2, we need to consider the use of topicals both before and after skin needling.Vitamins A and C are scientifically proven to almost quadruple the effects of needling.Selected peptides seem to further enhance results. Hyaluronic acid is best induced naturally but may be used topically for comfort. Finally, we examine the rationale of the intervals between needling. The best clinical results seem to come from treatments at 4 to 10 days intervals to take advantage of raised titres of TGF-β3 and IL-10.Other modalities such as red and infrared LED, platelet-rich plasma and mild peeling are gaining appeal to give better results. Skin needling is the safest and most effective method to treat photoaging, lax skin, stretch marks, acne scars, and burn scars.

The Campaign Against Criminalising Communities (CAMPACC) This article describes, compares, and analyzes two educational situations for Kurds from the point of view of linguistic human rights, using prodigious exemplification. In Turkey, Kurdish-medium schools are not allowed, and Kurdish children do not even have the right to study their mother tongue as a subject in school. In addition to physical genocide through low-intensity warfare, including unacceptable living conditions, Turkey continues to commit linguistic and cultural genocide (according to definitions of genocide in articles 2(b) and 2(e) in the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide) in relation to the Kurdish nation/minority. Under the US-led occupation in Iraq, Kurdish children in (northern Iraqi) South Kurdistan are educated mainly through the medium of Kurdish and learn several foreign or second languages at school; minorities have their own schools in their own languages. We are especially interested in understanding how similar background motives on the part of Turkey's and Iraq's ''partners'' (mainly the United States) can result in such different educational outcomes. Thus we discuss some of the possible ethno-sociological, historical, economic, military, and political reasons for the differences and similarities, especially analyzing the seemingly contradictory US policy vis-à-vis the Kurds (including Kurdish language rights in education) in terms of three main causal factors: the US wish to secure oil, energy, and water deliveries in a new situation of uncertainties, through Turkey and from Iraqi Kurdistan; to secure support from Turkey in restructuring the Middle East; and to secure new arms deals.

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Suspension sutures may be considered a method for elevating ptotic tissue. This method often uses a limited access incision, and commonly is used in cosmetic surgery. The caveats for the technique are not well described. This article describes eight caveats for successful suture suspension. A method for performing this procedure with a spinal needle is described, using the lateral eyebrow as an example.