A passive lifestyle and lack of exercise are triggering factors in increasing metabolic syndrome, whereas metabolic syndrome is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to analyse an exercise-based non-pharmacological approach combined with instrumental music to the plasma levels of irisin. The study employed a randomised pretest-posttest-only group design recruiting 30 male participants. The individuals aged between 19-21 years, body mass index (BMI) 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, normal blood pressure, normal resting heart rate (RHR), VO2max 40-50 ml/kg bodyweight/min, normal haemoglobin (Hb). The subjects were randomly divided into three groups, MIE (n=10, moderate-intensity exercise), MIEM (n=10, moderate-intensity exercise + instrumental music), and HIE (n=10, high-intensity exercise). Blood sampling was collected from pre- and 5 min post-exercise treatment. ELISA method was used to measure the circulating irisin levels. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann Whitney test and Spearman correlation were chosen to analyse the data. The results showed that there is no significant difference in pre-exercise irisin levels (ng/ml) in MIE (1.58±0.89), MIEM (1.77±3.12), and HIE (1.65±0.88) with a P-value of 0.098. Importantly, the alteration of irisin levels post-exercise program revealed that the level of this peptide (ng/ml) is higher in HIE (7.28±5.11) compared to MIE (1.95±1.85) and MIEM (4.16±3.40) with a P-value of 0.019. The plasma levels of irisin significantly correlate to energy expenditure (r=0.353, P≤0.01), plasma peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (r=0.597, P≤0.001), and high-density lipoprotein (r=0.513, P≤0.01). In summary, increased irisin secretion may directly contribute to the gradual alteration of energy expenditure and correlate to physical exercise intensity-related musical treatment.
Thermogenesis is associated with oxidation activity in muscle and fat tissue, the target of non-pharmacological therapy in preventing the increase in obesity. This research was designed to reveal the circadian profile of thermogenic gene expression after the acute interval and continuous moderate-intensity exercise. The subjects were 22 randomly selected obese adolescent females who met the predetermined inclusion criteria. The study subjects were then divided into three groups: control group (CG), acute interval moderate-intensity exercise group (AIMIE), and acute continuous moderate-intensity exercise group (ACMIE). Acute interval and continuous exercise were performed by running on a treadmill for 40-45 minutes, while moderate-intensity was defined as 60%-70% of the maximum heart rate (HRmax). The blood samples were collected initially (pre-exercise), followed by 10 minutes, 6 hours, and 24 hours post-acute interval and continuous moderate-intensity exercise treatment. Measurement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) and fibronectin type III domain 5 (FNDC-5) expressions in protein level were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Data were analyzed using one way-ANOVA and two way-ANOVA with a significant level of 5%. The findings suggest a substantial increase in the expression of PGC-1α and FNDC-5 after exercise compared to before the workout. A significant difference in PGC-1α and FNDC-5 expressions between the control group compared to AIMIE and ACMIE (p ≤ 0.05) has been observed. However, there is no significant difference in PGC-1α and FNDC-5 expressions after exercise between AIMIE and ACMIE (p ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, acute interval and continuous moderate-intensity exercise increase the expression of thermogenesis-related genes. Hence, acute interval and continuous moderate-intensity exercise might be potential non-pharmacological therapy to prevent, reduce, and control the increasing prevalence of obesity.
Lifestyle modification based on exercise combined with listening to music is a physiological-therapeutic approach, interesting to study to improve the lipid profile. Considering the lipid profile is the most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which will have an impact on increasing morbidity and mortality. This study aims to analyze the physiological response of moderate-intensity exercise by listening to music as a modulator of improving lipid profile in young adult men. This study involved 45 young adult men aged 19-21 years, body mass index 19.5-24.0 kg/m2, and met other criteria that have been determined. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: HIPE (high-intensity exercise, n=15), MIPE (moderate-intensity exercise, n=15), and MIPEM (moderate-intensity exercise + music, n=15). Examination of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-C), which is a picture of the lipid profile using the COBAS MIRA system method, was carried out before and after the intervention. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) post hoc test were used to analyse the data. The results showed that there were significant differences in the levels of LDL, HDL, TG, T-C and blood glucose concentrations between the three groups (HIPE, MIPE, and MIPEM) (P<0.05). The results of the Tukey’s HSD post hoc test showed that MIPEM increased HDL concentrations and decreased LDL, TG, T-C and higher blood glucose compared to HIPE and MIPE, which is effective and without causing an increase in cortisol secretion and blood pressure. Therefore, MIPEM deserves to be recommended for a physiologic therapeutic approach as a lipid profile modulator.
Objectives Overweight status decreases the growth hormone (GH) secretion, thus, increasing the risk factors for medical complications. However, proper exercise is reported to enhance GH and affect the energy balance. Therefore, exercise is proclaimed to be an accurate and engaging therapy to increase GH in preventing overweight. This study aims to investigate the physiological response of exercise in mediating the increase of GH secretion in female adolescents. Methods 22 overweight women aged 19–20 years old, with maximal oxygen consumption of 27–35 mL/kg/min, were selected as sample size. They were divided into three groups, namely (CONT, n=7) Control, (MIEE, n=7) Moderate-intensity interval endurance exercise, and (MCEE, n=8) Moderate-intensity continuous endurance exercise. The exercise was carried out by running for 30–35 min using treadmills with an intensity of 60–70% HRmax. The blood sampling for GH examination was carried out four times before exercise, 10 min, 6 h, and 24 h after exercise. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the GH and IGF-1 levels. The data analysis was carried out using a one-way ANOVA test, with a significance level of 5%. Results The results of the one-Way ANOVA test suggested a significantly different average GH and IGF-1 before and after the exercise between the three groups (CON, MIEE, and MCEE) (p≤0.05). Conclusions MCEE increases the GH and IGF-1 levels more considerably than MIEE. Therefore, exercise is a mediator to increase GH and IGF-1 secretion in overweight individuals. Exercise could be a viable therapy for overweight people.
The increase of cortisol hormone and blood pressure indicates the active Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA-axis) and Sympathetic-Adreno-Medullary-axis (SAM-axis). Someone with obesity tends to have a more active HPA-axis and SAM-axis. Exercise is proclaimed as an effective model to reduce the HPA-axis and SAM-axis activities. This study aims to describe the HPA-axis and SAM-axis activities on the moderate-intensity aerobic. The participants of this study were 20 obese female teenagers aged 20 to 24 years old with sufficient physical fitness. They were divided into three groups of CTL (n=7, control group), IAE (n=7, interval time aerobic exercise) and CAE (n=7, continuously aerobic exercise). IAE was carried out with moderate-intensity running followed by active recovery through low-intensity running with five repetitions. It was carried out for 35 minutes. The CAE was carried out with moderate-intensity continuously running for 30 minutes. Both IAE and CAE were completed using treadmills. The HPA-axis was estimated using cortisol hormone indicator, while the cortisol hormone was measured using ELISA Kit. The SAM-axis was examined using the heart response. The data were analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA test with SPSS version 21. The results suggest significant different cortisol hormone secretion between before and after the moderate-intensity interval time and continuously aerobic exercise (P ≤ 0.01). Different blood pressure and heartbeat were also observed before and after the aerobic (P ≤ 0.01). Moderate-intensity interval time and continuously aerobic exercise reduces cortisol hormone secretion, blood pressure, and heartbeat, thus, it lessens the HPA-axis and SAM-axis activities. Keywords: HPA-axis, SAM-axis, Aerobic exercise, Obesity
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