Abstract It is believed that the students’ low reading proficiency, as shown in their TOEIC scores, is due to their poor reading habit. One of the ways to overcome such a problem is by facilitating them with a lot of reading practices in an extensive reading program. Since today non-printed multimodal texts (NPMT) and Linear texts (LT) are available in the society, an experiment on which mode is most effective to enhance the students’ reading proficiency needs to be done. This study aims to investigate the effect of implementing non-printed multimodal text in an extensive reading program on the students’ reading comprehension. Two groups of students undertaking engineering major at a polytechnic in Surabaya, one group was exposed to NPMT and the other to LT in a one-semester extensive reading program, were chosen to be the subject of this quasi experimental study. A pretest and posttest on TOEIC were conducted to measure the students’ reading proficiency (only the reading scores of the test were analysed for the purpose of the study). The t-test analysis using SPPS for windows 23 shows that there is a significant difference in achievement between those who are exposed to NPMT and LT after the reading program ends (p-value = 0.010). The NPMT group gain better reading proficiency than that of the LT. It means the use of non-printed multimodal text in extensive reading can boost the students’ reading comprehension.
Snow country depicts beauty of nature, people, and love through the characters and the situation with the elements of sincerity, purity, calmness and condusiveness. Beauty itself is one of the major themes in this novel. However, Kawabata has his own perception of the beauty that is different with common perception of beauty. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the philosophy of beauty in Kawabata’s Snow Country. These beauty were analyzed through philosophical point of beauty by Kant and Japanese aesthetic philosophy wabi sabi. In fact, the writer found that almost all of beauty in snow country included the sad element, such as a loneliness in a beauty of nature, sadness in a beautiful voice and a waste effort in a beauty of love. The beauty of unusual, imperfect (Wabi Sabi) was found in the way Kawabata depicted the beauty of the women in this novel; Komako and Yoko. Keywords: Philosophy, Beauty, Wabi Sabi, Snow Country, Kawabata
Listening comprehension is found to be among the most difficult tasks for the learners due to several reasons. Mostly, test-takers find difficulty in interpreting the intended meaning of the utterances in the TOEFL examination. To understand the intended meaning which is implied in and beyond the utterance itself, the test takers must have background knowledge of the context of the utterances. Based on the problems faced by the test takers above, this study gives some solutions in understanding the short conversation in TOEFL so they can draw conclusion of the intended meanings. The writer uses illocutionary acts and implicatures in analyzing the problems found in TOEFL short conversation. Based on the analysis, this study concludes that TOEFL short conversations consist of four illocutionary acts classifications of five. There are Directive, Expressive, Assertive and Commisive. Most of the illocutionary acts found in TOEFL short conversations are directive, assertive and expressive. Meanwhile, Commisive is sometimes found in TOEFL short conversations. This study also gets the data of the implicatures on the utterance in TOEFL short conversations. There are some implicatures that can help the test takers in understanding the intended meaning of the utterance in TOEFL short conversations. Thus to understand the intended meaning on the utterances, the test takers can interpret the meaning by applying the illocutionary act theory and the implicatures. The illocutionary will help the test taker to identify the types of the utterance and then can understand the intended meaning of the utterance. The implicatures will explain what a speaker can imply, suggest, or mean, as different from what the speaker literally says.
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