aHazard assessment is critical for a biomass gasification station because it includes various hazardous factors. Set pair analysis (SPA) is a convenient and effective method for hazard assessment, but it has limitations, including (1) the inability to reflect the difference when the data belong to the same hazard grade and (2) the assessment results lack precision and accuracy. This study proposes an improved method designated as general set pair analysis (GSPA). Connection measure degree (CMD), which is based on the cosine function, as well as weighting deviation degree (WDD), relative membership degree (RMD), and comprehensive index (CI) were proposed in GSPA, and the algorithms were generated. The calculated results of these different methods can be utilized to overcome the shortcomings of SPA during hazard assessment. A case study of two biomass gasification stations in Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, Northeast China, was performed. The hazard assessment results of the GSPA were compared with those of SPA. The results showed that GSPA is a more effective, precise, and accurate method for hazard assessment of a biomass gasification station.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) derivatives are developing family of functional materials for electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption. Their tailored structures, controllable compositions, high porosity, and versatile functions offer immense advantages for the construction of excellent EMW absorption materials. Nevertheless, it is crucial and challenging to understand the unique role of rationally designing art and tailoring the microstructures of MOF‐derived materials for EMW absorption. In this review, advances in rational architectural design strategy and the elaborate control of microstructures are outlined to promote the EMW absorption performance of MOF‐derived materials. In addition, the derived key information regarding the superiority and composition–structure–performance relationships of the engineered MOF‐derived materials with advanced components and nanostructures is comprehensively summarized. Finally, the insight into the challenges of future development in MOF‐derived EMW absorption materials is presented.
The two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and the SST k-ω turbulence model are used to investigate the aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine airfoil under clean and rough surface conditions.The DU 95-W-180 airfoil is analysized, which is widely used in wind turbines.The numerical simulation of the airfoil under clean surface condition is performed,and the numerical results have a good consistency with the experimental data.The studies in the effects of surface roughness on performance of the airfoil are mainly as follows:computation of the lift coefficient and the drag coefficient of the airfoil under different roughness heights on full surface and different roughness locations;the trends of the lift coefficient and the drag coefficient changing with the roughness heights and roughness locations;the critical value of roughness height and roughness location;the trends of the lift coefficient and the drag coefficient changing with the roughness heights at the critical locations.Furthermore, the unsteady flow field analysis of vortex shedding induced by the surface roughness is performed.
Biomass gasification stations are facing many hazard factors, therefore, it is necessary to make hazard assessment for them. In this study, a novel hazard assessment method called extended set pair analysis (ESPA) is proposed based on set pair analysis (SPA). However, the calculation of the connection degree (CD) requires the classification of hazard grades and their corresponding thresholds using SPA for the hazard assessment. In regard to the hazard assessment using ESPA, a novel calculation algorithm of the CD is worked out when hazard grades and their corresponding thresholds are unknown. Then the CD can be converted into Euclidean distance (ED) by a simple and concise calculation, and the hazard of each sample will be ranked based on the value of ED. In this paper, six biomass gasification stations are introduced to make hazard assessment using ESPA and general set pair analysis (GSPA), respectively. By the comparison of hazard assessment results obtained from ESPA and GSPA, the availability and validity of ESPA can be proved in the hazard assessment for biomass gasification stations. Meanwhile, the reasonability of ESPA is also justified by the sensitivity analysis of hazard assessment results obtained by ESPA and GSPA.
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