Abstract:In this study, urban growth of the Atakum District in Samsun, Turkey, was simulated by Cellular Automata-Markov Chain (CA-MC) and Multi-layer Perceptron-Markov Chain (MLP-MC) hybrid models in a geographical information system (GIS) environment. Historical land use/land cover (LU/LC) data were extracted from 1989, 2000 and 2013 Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI images. Using the LU/LC data for the years 1989 and 2000, the urban growth for 2013 was simulated using the CA-MC and MLP-MC models. The simulation results were compared with the 2013 LU/LC data to assess the validity of the simulation. The MLP-MC method provided the best results according to the validation based on the kappa index of agreement. Based on this result, the urban growth for the year 2025 was simulated using MLP-MC. The simulation estimated an urban growth rate of 35.2% between 2013 and 2025, an increase in the area of artificial surfaces from 1681.9 ha to 2274.3 ha and the destruction of 511.7 ha of agricultural land and 4.4 ha of forest. The results of this study demonstrate that the urban growth models provide a better understanding of the current patterns and temporal dynamics and can predict future changes according to past and current dynamics. The results also show that simulations are most accurate when using a model that best conforms to the changes in the given study area.

This article focuses on the integration of multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) and geographical information systems (GIS) and introduces a tool, GIS–MCDA, written in visual basic in ArcGIS for GIS-based MCDA. The GIS–MCDA deals with raster-based data sets and includes standardization, weighting and decision analysis methods, and sensitivity analysis. Simple additive weighting, weighted product method, technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution, compromise programming, analytic hierarchy process, and ordered weighted average for decision analysis; ranking, rating, and pairwise comparison for weighting and linear scale transformation for standardization can be applied by using this tool. The maximum score and score range procedures can be used for linear scale transformation. In this article also an application of the GIS–MCDA to determine the flood vulnerability of the South Marmara Basin in Turkey is examined. To check the validity and reliability of the results, the flood vulnerability layer is compared with flood-affected areas.

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Meteorological data are used in many studies, especially in planning, disaster management, water resources management, hydrology, agriculture and environment. Analyzing changes in meteorological variables is very important to understand a climate system and minimize the adverse effects of the climate changes. One of the main issues in meteorological analysis is the interpolation of spatial data. In recent years, with the developments in Geographical Information System (GIS) technology, the statistical methods have been integrated with GIS and geostatistical methods have constituted a strong alternative to deterministic methods in the interpolation and analysis of the spatial data. In this study; spatial distribution of precipitation and temperature of the Aegean Region in Turkey for years 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010 were obtained by the Ordinary Kriging method which is one of the geostatistical interpolation methods, the changes realized in 5-year periods were determined and the results were statistically examined using cell and multivariate statistics. The results of this study show that it is necessary to pay attention to climate change in the precipitation regime of the Aegean Region. This study also demonstrates the usefulness of the geostatistical approach in meteorological studies. key words: geostatistical interpolation, geographic information system, ordinary kriging, meteorological data.

Urban sprawl is one of the most important problems in urban development due to its negative environmental and societal impacts. Therefore, the spatial pattern of urban growth should be accurately analyzed and well understood for effective urban planning. This paper focuses on urban sprawl analysis in the Atakum, Ilkadim and Canik districts of Samsun, Turkey. In this study, urban sprawl was examined over a period of 24 years using Shannon's entropy and fractal analysis based on remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). The built-up areas in 1989, 2000 and 2013 were extracted from Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI images using the maximum likelihood classification method, and urban form changes in the 1989–2013 period were investigated. The Shannon's entropy method was used to determine the degree of urban sprawl, and a fractal analysis method based on box counting was used to characterize the urban sprawl. The results show that Atakum, Ilkadim and Canik experienced important changes and have considerable sprawl and complex characteristics now. The study also revealed that there is no monotonic relationship between Shannon's entropy and fractal dimension.

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Günümüzde teknolojinin hızla ilerlemesi tüketicilerin istek ve ihtiyaçlarında değişikliklere yol açarak firmaların kendilerine farklı satış yöntemleri aramalarını sebep olmuştur. Özellikle dünya genelinde bilgisayar ağlarının birbiriyle bağlantısı sonucu ortaya çıkan, bir iletişim ağı olan internet kullanımının yaygınlaşması günümüz perakendecilerinin müşterileriyle sosyal medya platformlarıyla iletişim kurup ürünlerini satmasını ve hedef kitleye ulaşmasını sağlamıştır. Çalışmada, 'Instagram'da kullanılan yöntemlerin Y kuşağındaki kişilerin satın alma davranışı üzerindeki etkisi' araştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri 384 kişiden yüzyüze anket yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. Araştırma verileri; güvenirlik analizi, normallik testi, faktör analizi, korelesyon ve çoklu regresyon analizi ile test edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda, en yüksek ilişki satın alma davranışı ile tüketici beğenileri ve takipçi sayısı arasında bulunmuştur. Instagramda kullanılan yöntemlerden; görsel imaj ve hizmet alabilme, tüketici beğenileri ve takipçi sayısı, satıcı davranışı ve ünlü model kullanımının satınalma davranışını etkilediği ortaya konmuştur.

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