No abstract

The effects of different irrigation regimes on yield and quality and net profit of processing red pepper irrigated with drip and furrow irrigation systems under field conditions in the Mediterranean region of Turkey were evaluated over two years. The treatments for drip consist of full irrigation (DFI), deficit irrigation DDI‐75, D‐PRD‐50, DF‐PRD‐50 and DDI‐50, and for furrow: full irrigation (FFI), fixed alternative furrow (FAF‐50) and PRD furrow (FPRD‐50). FAF‐50 and FPRD‐50 received 50% of water applied to FFI. In FAF‐50 the same furrows were irrigated while FPRD‐50 was irrigated alternately. Irrigation methods and levels had a significant effect on total yield and some quality parameters of red pepper. Drip produced higher red pepper yields than furrow. The highest yield in the drip system was obtained from the DFI treatment followed by DDI‐75, DDI‐50 and DF‐PRD‐50 treatments. Although D‐PRD‐50, DF‐PRD‐50 and DDI‐50 received the same amount of water, D‐PRD‐50 resulted in a higher yield. In furrow treatments, FFI resulted in the highest yield, followed by FPRD‐50 and FAF‐50. Water productivity (WP) decreased with increasing water quantity for both irrigation systems. Fruit weight, size and flesh thickness were higher in the DFI and FFI treatments. Full irrigation treatments (DFI and FFI) generated the highest net income. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Plastics are ubiquitous. It has been used in human activities, from agriculture to packaging, infrastructure, and health. The wide range of usage makes plastics an omnipresent pollutant in the environment. Microplastics (MPs) are one of the most concerning environmental problems. This study investigated the abundance and type of MPs in agricultural soil in the Adana/Karataş region in Turkey, where disposable low tunnel greenhouse plastic films and irrigation pipes were in use. For this purpose, one kg of soil samples from the top 5 cm (from the surface) was taken from 10 different sampling locations. An average of 11.13 ± 2.31 MPs/kg of microplastic was found in the soil samples. The highest amount of microplastics was seen at the Bahçe-4 location with 32.0 ± 14.36 MPs/kg and the lowest amount of microplastics at the Karataş-1 location with 0.3 ± 0.3 MPs/kg. The average size of microplastics was found to be 3.28 ± 0.08 mm. The average microplastics originating from greenhouse cover plastics was 3.29 ± 0.09 mm, and from disposable irrigation pipes was 3.17 ± 0.22 mm. It was determined that the amount of microplastics decreased in the soil where used plastics were removed after usage. As a result, it has been determined that a significant amount of microplastic pollution remains in soil due to plastics used in agricultural areas.

Seralarda havalandırma bitkilerin arzuladıkları iç ortam değerlerinin biyolojik optimumda tutulmasında kullanılan en ucuz iklimlendirme yöntemlerinden bir tanesidir. Seralarda etkili bir havalandırma için hava değişim katsayısının 50 h -1 'ten yüksek olmalıdır. Seralarda havalandırmanın etkenliğini belirlemek amacıyla hava değişim katsayısının belirlenmesi yanında ulaşılan sıcaklık farkı da havalandırmanın etkenliğinin belirlenmesinde bir ölçüt olarak kabul edilebilir. Yapılan bu çalışmada, Akdeniz bölgesi iklim koşullarında, farklı havalandırma açıklık oranlarında (AV/AG) serada ulaşılan sıcaklık değerleri enerji dengesi ve Bernoulli denklemi esas alınarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Antalya iklim koşullarında Mayıs ayı sıcaklık ve radyasyon değerlerine bağlı olarak çatı bölgesindeki havalandırma açıklıklarının %20 olması yeterli olmaktadır. Akdeniz iklim koşullarında haziran ayında gelen güneş radyasyonunu gölgeleme ile %50 oranında azaltılması durumunda çatı bölgesindeki %20 havalandırma açıklığı ile 1 K'lik sıcaklık farkı (∆T) sağlanabilmektedir. Ancak Haziran ayında öğle saatlerinde dış sıcaklık değeri 30°C' nin üstünde seyrettiğinden serada ek soğutma ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Determination of Ventilation Openings Ratio in Greenhouses under Mediterranean Climate Conditions A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Research ArticleReceived 18 October 2016 Accepted 10 March 2017Ventilation is one of the methods used to obtain the biological optimal point of environmental factors needed for the plants in greenhouses. In the greenhouses, air change coefficient must be more than 50 h -1 in order to supply effective air ventilation. Temperature differences like air change coefficient can be regarded as a criterion to determine efficiency of ventilation in the greenhouses. In this study, the temperature values were calculated by using energy balance and Bernoulli equation at different ventilation opening ratios (A V /A G ) depending on climatic properties in the Mediterranean region (Antalya). If was found that, based on temperature and radiation values of Antalya province, 20% ventilation opening rate is sufficient in the roof area. A temperature difference (∆T) of 1K can be achieved with a 50% shading of radiation and a 20% ventilation opening in June in the Mediterranean region. However, additional cooling is necessary in the greenhouses around noon hours because outdoor temperature is greater than 30°C.

No abstract

No abstract

Geliş (Received): 15.11.2016Kabul (Accepted): 22.12.2016ÖZET: Seralarda ısıtma sistemlerinin projelenmesinde gerekli olan ısı gücünün belirlenmesi sera tipine, donanımına, serada üretilen bitkinin sıcaklık isteklerine, dış iklim koşullarına ve seranın yönetimine bağlı olarak değişim göstermektedir. Seralarda ısı gücünün belirlenmesinde gerekli olan projeleme sıcaklığı, serada arzulanan sıcaklıkla, sera kurulacak yerde son on yıl içinde en az iki kez arka arkaya ortaya çıkan en düşük sıcaklık ortalaması arasındaki fark olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu değerlere göre belirlenen ısı gücü, gereksinilen maksimum ısı gücü değeri olup, serada tüm yıl sıcaklığın arzulanan değerde tutulmasına olanak sağlamaktadır. Ancak belirlenen maksimum ısı gücüne yılın çok az bir zamanında ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu nedenle, yeni bir yaklaşım olarak, saatlik iklim değerlerinden gidilerek ısı gücü değerinin hesaplanması, ısıtma sisteminin daha gerçekçi olarak projelenmesi sağlayabilecektir. Yapılan bu çalışmada, saatlik iklim değerlerini kullanarak hesaplama yapan ISIGER uzman sistem yazılımı yardımıyla, gece/gündüz 16/21 °C iç sıcaklık değeri için Antalya ili yerel iklim değerlerine göre (sıcaklık, radyasyon ve rüzgâr hızı) gereksinilen ısı gücü değerleri belirlenmiştir. Bu değerler en düşük sıcaklık ortalamasına göre hesaplanan ısı gücü değerleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Hesaplamada meteoroloji işleri genel müdürlüğüne ait uzun yıllık veriler kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; ISIGER uzman yazılımı ile belirlenen ısı gücü, en düşük sıcaklık değerine göre yapılan hesaplama değerinden %11 daha az bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, özellikle ısıtma sistemi yatırımlarının projelenmesinde ilk yatırım giderlerinden ve enerji tüketiminden tasarruf etme imkânı olduğunu göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelime: Sera, seralarda ısıtma, sera ısı gereksinimi New Approaches to Required Heat Power for Designing the Greenhouse Heating SystemsABSTRACT: The determination of heat power required to design the heating systems in the greenhouses varies depending on the type, the equipment and the temperature requirements, the external climatic conditions and the management of the greenhouse. The projecting temperature required to determine the heat power in some places is considered to be the difference between the desired temperature in the greenhouse and the lowest average temperature that occurs consecutively at least twice in the last decade. This determined heat power is the required maximum heat power value which allows the whole year temperature to be kept at the desired value in the greenhouse. However, this determined maximum heat power is needed in a very short time of the year. For this reason, as a new approach, calculation of the heat power value by taking the hourly climate values may enable the heating system to be designed more realistically. In this study, the required heat power values according to the local climatic values (temperature, radiation and wind speed) of Antalya province for 16/21°C day/night indoor temperature were determined with ISIGE...

The most extensive and effective environmentally controlled production takes place in greenhouses. New innovations and developments for greenhouse production go hand in hand with efforts for sustainability. The greenhouses must be heated to ensure high yields and high quality. However, high heating cost (20%-60%) adversely influences production. Costs Sustainability of greenhouse production can only be maintained with increase of energy efficiency. Use of renewable energy sources in place of fossil fuels is only means to increase energy efficiency. In this work, fossil fuels and geothermal energy used for heating of greenhouses are compared based on production cost and CO2 emissions to atmosphere. The results showed that greenhouse production in Aydın with geothermal energy price of 0.06 ₺/kWh will be very advantageous compared to greenhouse tomato production in Kütahya, which can only compete with that in Antalya. Carbon dioxide emission in plastic greenhouses with double layer PE plastic heat insulation in Kütahya was 199.4 kg/m2 when imported coal was used for heating. The emissions in similar type plastic greenhouses, again heated with coal, in Aydın and Antalya were 74.4 kg/m2 and 55.5 kg/m2, respectively. Greenhouses in geothermal energy rich areas will be very advantageous, based on cost of production and CO2 emission, compared to that in Antalya region if they are heated with geothermal energy.