For many species, geographical ranges are expanding toward the poles in response to climate change, while remaining stable along range edges nearest the equator. Using long-term observations across Europe and North America over 110 years, we tested for climate change-related range shifts in bumblebee species across the full extents of their latitudinal and thermal limits and movements along elevation gradients. We found cross-continentally consistent trends in failures to track warming through time at species' northern range limits, range losses from southern range limits, and shifts to higher elevations among southern species. These effects are independent of changing land uses or pesticide applications and underscore the need to test for climate impacts at both leading and trailing latitudinal and thermal limits for species.
DNA barcoding as a method for species identification is rapidly increasing in popularity. However, there are still relatively few rigorous methodological tests of DNA barcoding. Current distance-based methods are frequently criticized for treating the nearest neighbor as the closest relative via a raw similarity score, lacking an objective set of criteria to delineate taxa, or for being incongruent with classical character-based taxonomy. Here, we propose an artificial intelligence-based approach - inferring species membership via DNA barcoding with back-propagation neural networks (named BP-based species identification) - as a new advance to the spectrum of available methods. We demonstrate the value of this approach with simulated data sets representing different levels of sequence variation under coalescent simulations with various evolutionary models, as well as with two empirical data sets of COI sequences from East Asian ground beetles (Carabidae) and Costa Rican skipper butterflies. With a 630-to 690-bp fragment of the COI gene, we identified 97.50% of 80 unknown sequences of ground beetles, 95.63%, 96.10%, and 100% of 275, 205, and 9 unknown sequences of the neotropical skipper butterfly to their correct species, respectively. Our simulation studies indicate that the success rates of species identification depend on the divergence of sequences, the length of sequences, and the number of reference sequences. Particularly in cases involving incomplete lineage sorting, this new BP-based method appears to be superior to commonly used methods for DNA-based species identification.
All 8237 species-group taxa of Coleoptera known to occur in Canada and Alaska are recorded by province/territory or state, along with their author(s) and year of publication, in a classification framework. Only presence of taxa in each Canadian province or territory and Alaska is noted. Labrador is considered a distinct geographical entity. Adventive and Holarctic species-group taxa are indicated. References to pertinent identification keys are given under the corresponding supraspecific taxa in the data archive.
Nicrophorine beetles (Nicrophorus and Ptomascopus spp.) use small carcasses as a food source for young, a breeding ecology distinct from other silphid beetles. While adaptations to the use of small carcasses are well known for Nicrophorus (emitting sex pheromone, burying, rounding and removing hair from carcasses, regulating brood size, regurgitating to young, and preventing predation), there is little information regarding its sister group, Ptomascopus. Like Nicrophorus, Ptomascopus morio males emit pheromone to attract females. In the absence of carrion competitors Ptomascopus morio parents were found to stay with a carcass and their brood for up to 10 days. We tested six hypotheses to examine whether young bene®t from this long period of parent±offspring contact. (1) There was no evidence that parents buried or otherwise pre-empted carcasses to reduce competitive pressure. (2) We found no evidence that parents in¯uenced the decomposition of the carcass. This was supported by experimental manipulations in which brood production (number of larvae and total brood mass) was no greater on carcasses on which parents were present than on carcasses not`prepared' by parents. In addition, the carcass was not rounded and little hair was removed by the adults. (3) The presence of parents bene®ted the brood by reducing the negative effects of competition with carrion¯y larvae. This likely resulted from predatory feeding by adult beetles. (4) Females adjusted clutch size to the size of the carcass. Parents, however, did not make a second adjustment in brood size after young reached the larval stage (®lial cannibalism), as occurs in Nicrophorus. (5) Although parents were observed to open feeding holes in the carcass, this was not necessary for normal larval growth and survival. Parents were not observed to feed young directly by regurgitation. (6) Lastly, parents did not reduce predation on their brood when a conspeci®c intruder was present. These ®ndings suggest that after the female parent adjusts clutch size to the size of the resource, the only parental bene®t is clearing the carcass of¯y larvae. Other differences with Nicrophorus include an extended period of oviposition (5 days) and less pronounced changes in ovarian mass and juvenile hormone titers in response to discovery of a carcass. In a ®eld experiment in Kyoto, Japan, 17 of 21 broods of N. concolor during August contained larvae of P. morio. Mixed Nicrophorus±Ptomascopus broods were less common at other times of the year and when N. quadripunctatus occupied carcasses. In the laboratory, P. morio was able to parasitize 19 of 20 broods of N. concolor. The pattern of oviposition, the absence of explicit parental behaviours, and the interactions with N. concolor in the ®eld suggest that Ptomascopus morio is a brood parasite of Nicrophorus.
The Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme (CBMP) provides an opportunity to improve our knowledge of Arctic arthropod diversity, but initial baseline studies are required to summarise the status and trends of planned target groups of species known as Focal Ecosystem Components (FECs). We begin this process by collating available data for a relatively well-studied region in the Arctic, the North Atlantic region, summarising the diversity of key terrestrial arthropod FECs, and compiling trends for some representative species. We found the FEC classification system to be challenging to implement, but identified some key groups to target in the initial phases of the programme. Long-term data are scarce and exhibit high levels of spatial and temporal variability. Nevertheless, we found that a number of species and groups are in decline, mirroring patterns in other regions of the world. We emphasise that terrestrial arthropods require higher priority within future Arctic monitoring programmes.
The terrestrial chapter of the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme (CBMP) has the potential to bring international multi-taxon, long-term monitoring together, but detailed fundamental species information for Arctic arthropods lags far behind that for vertebrates and plants. In this paper, we demonstrate this major challenge to the CBMP by focussing on spiders (Order: Araneae) as an example group. We collate available circumpolar data on the distribution of spiders and highlight the current monitoring opportunities and identify the key knowledge gaps to address before monitoring can become efficient. We found spider data to be more complete than data for other taxa, but still variable in quality and availability between Arctic regions, highlighting the need for greater international cooperation for baseline studies and data sharing. There is also a dearth of long-term datasets for spiders and other arthropod groups from which to assess status and trends of biodiversity. Therefore, baseline studies should be conducted at all monitoring stations and we make recommendations for the development of the CBMP in relation to terrestrial arthropods more generally.
All available species-group names of the subfamily Nicrophorinae (Coleoptera: Silphidae) are cataloged herein. There are currently 68 valid species, three of which are fossils; and 168 invalid species-group names, 2 of which are nomina dubia and 17 of which are junior homonyms and thus objectively invalid; for a total of 236 available species-group names. The type specimens of 38 valid names and 63 invalid names were found and studied. The original descriptions of 65 valid species-group names and 130 invalid species-group names were found and studied. An annotated bibliography of 1151 references that cite nicrophorine names covering the years 1752 – early 2002 is presented. The following 18 nomenclatural acts are made: Lectotype designations (16): Type depositories precede species names. HNHM: Budapest: Nicrophorus antennatus (Reitter) / BMNH: London: Nicrophorus interruptus Stephens; Nicrophorus mexicanus Matthews; Nicrophorus montivagus Lewis; Nicrophorus tenuipes Lewis / MNHN: Paris: Nicrophorus didymus Brullé; Nicrophorus insularis Grouvelle; Nicrophorus interruptus var. algiricus Pasquet; Nicrophorus podagricus Portevin; Nicrophorus quadraticollis Portevin; Nicrophorus scrutator Blanchard / ZMAS: St. Petersburg: Nicrophorus mongolicus ShchegolevaBarovskaya; Nicrophorus przewalskii Semenov-Tian-Shanskij; Nicrophorus reichardti Kieseritzky / ZMHB: Berlin: Nicrophorus japonicus Harold / MCZC: Cambridge: Nicrophorus defodiens Mannerheim; New nomina protecta/oblita (2): Silpha (Nicrophorus) orientalis (Herbst,1784) NEW NOMEN OBLITUM (article 23.9.2 ICZN ed. 4); Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, 1790 NEW NOMEN PROTECTUM (see N. orientalis); The following 93 taxonomic changes are made: New status as valid species (2): Nicrophorus sepulchralis Heer NEW STATUS as valid species; Nicrophorus morio Gebler NEW STATUS as valid species; New combination (1): Silpha (Nicrophorus) orientalis Herbst NEW COMBINATION as Nicrophorus orientalis (Herbst); New species-group revised synonyms (12): These are junior synonyms or names of subspecific rank that are being moved to new senior synonyms (as absolute synonyms, i.e. rankless): N. tibetanus Hlisnikovsky REVISED SYNONYM of N. argutor Jakovlev; N. lateralis Portevin REVISED SYNONYM of N. defodiens Mannerheim; N. plagiatus Motschulsky REVISED SYNONYM of N. defodiens Mannerheim; N. humeralis Pic REVISED SYNONYM of N. insularis Grouvelle; N. gallicus Jacquelin du Val REVISED SYNONYM of N. interruptus Stephens; N. suturalis Motschulsky REVISED SYNONYM of N. interruptus Stephens; N. submaculatus Reitter REVISED SYNONYM of N. investigator Zetterstedt; N. funebris Jakovlev REVISED SYNONYM of N. morio Gebler; N. requiescator Gistel REVISED SYNONYM of N. tomentosus Weber; N. interruptiolus Strand REVISED SYNONYM of N. vestigator Herschel; N. interruptus Brullé REVISED SYNONYM of N. brullei Jakobson, (syn. of N. vestigator Herschel); P. weberi Bodemeyer REVISED SYNONYM of Ptomascopus plagiatus (Ménétriés); New species-group synonyms (25): These are species-group names of specific rank that have not been synonymized previously. N. pseudobrutor Reitter NEW SYNONYM of N. argutor Jakovlev; N. cadaverinus Gistel NEW SYNONYM of N. germanicus (L.); N. ornatus Hlisnikovsky NEW SYNONYM of N. germanicus (L.); N. proserpinae Gistel NEW SYNONYM of N. germanicus (L.); N. basalis Gistel NEW SYNONYM of N. interruptus Stephens; N. fossor Erichson NEW SYNONYM of N. interruptus Stephens; N. grahami Swan & Papp NEW SYNONYM of N.investigator Zetterstedt; N. maritimus Gistel NEW SYNONYM of N. investigator Zetterstedt; N. praedator (Reitter) NEW SYNONYM of N. investigator Zetterstedt; N. karafutonis Kôno NEW SYNONYM of N. maculifrons Kraatz; N. lunulatus Gistel NEW SYNONYM of N. marginatus Fabricius; N. lunatus Gistel NEW SYNONYM of N. marginatus Fabricius; N. mixtus Hlisnikovsky NEW SYNONYM of N. montivagus Lewis; N. rugulipennis Jakovlev NEW SYNONYM of N. morio Gebler; N. benguetensis Arnett NEW SYNONYM of N. nepalensis Hope; N. burmanicus Hlisnikovsky NEW SYNONYM of N. oberthuri Portevin; N. unifasciatus Hlisnikovsky NEW SYNONYM of N. oberthuri Portevin; N. pulsator Gistel NEW SYNONYM of N. sayi Laporte; N. temporalis Shchegoleva-Barovskaya NEW SYNONYM of N. semenowi (Reitter); N. fasciatus Hlisnikovsky NEW SYNONYM of N. tenuipes Lewis; N. marginatus Gistel NEW SYNONYM of N. tomentosus Weber; N. bifasciatus Hausmann NEW SYNONYM of N. vespillo (L.); N. hadenius Gistel NEW SYNONYM of N. vespillo (L.); N. oregonensis Swann & Papp NEW SYNONYM of N. vespilloides Herbst; N. olfactor Gistel NEW SYNONYM of N. vestigator Herschel; New status as absolute synonyms (53): These are species-group names of subspecific rank that we consider to be invalid synonyms without rank. N. centralis Portevin NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. antennatus (Reitter); N. rotundicollis Portevin NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. concolor Kraatz; N. armeniacus Portevin NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. germanicus (L.); N. bimaculatus Haworth NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. germanicus (L.); N. bipunctatus Kraatz NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. germanicus (L.); N. fascifer (Reitter) NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. germanicus (L.); N. speciosus (J.D. Schulze) NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. germanicus (L.); N. quadriguttata Angell NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. guttula Motschulsky; N. vandykei Angell NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. guttula Motschulsky; N. atricornis Meier NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. humator (Gleditsch); N. maculosus Meier NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. humator (Gleditsch); N. minnesotianus Hatch NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. hybridus Hatch & Angell; N. brunnipes Gradl NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. interruptus Stephens; N. centrimaculatus Reitter NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. interruptus Stephens; N. corsicus Laporte NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. interruptus Stephens; N. funereus Géné NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. interruptus Stephens; N. infuscaticornis Portevin, NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. interruptus Stephens; N. laportei Meier NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. interruptus Stephens; N. nigricans Pasquet NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. interruptus Stephens; N. pasqueti Pic NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. interruptus Stephens; N. trimaculatus Gradl NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. interruptus Stephens; N. trinotatus Reitter NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. interruptus Stephens; N. vodozi Meier NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. interruptus Stephens; N. algiricus Pasquet NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. interruptus Stephens; N. funerator Fauvel NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. investigator Zetterstedt; N. funeror (Reitter) NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. investigator Zetterstedt; N. insularis Lafer NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. investigator Zetterstedt; N. intermedius Reitter NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. investigator Zetterstedt; N. latifasciatus Lewis NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. investigator Zetterstedt; N. maritimus Mannerheim NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. investigator Zetterstedt; N. variolosus Portevin NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. investigator Zetterstedt; N. parvulus Hlisnikovsky NEW STATUS as absolute synonym of N. maculifrons Kraatz; N. nigrifrons Portevin NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. podagricus Portevin; N. immaculatus Portevin NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. quadripunctatus Kraatz; N. bohemicus Roubal NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vespillo (L.); N. bolsmanni Westhoff NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vespillo (L.); N. fauveli Fauconnet NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vespillo (L.); N.minor Westhoff NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vespillo (L.); N. varendorffi Westhoff NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vespillo (L.); N. altumi Westhoff NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vespilloides Herbst; N. aurora Motschulsky NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vespilloides Herbst; N. subfasciatus Portevin NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vespilloides Herbst; N. subinterruptus Pic NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vespilloides Herbst; N. sylvivagus Reitter NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vespilloides Herbst; N. brullei Jacobson NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vestigator Herschel; N. bipunctatus Portevin NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vestigator Herschel; N. carreti Pic NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vestigator Herschel; N. degener Carret NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vestigator Herschel; N. obscuripennis Portevin NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vestigator Herschel; N. rautenbergi Reitter NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vestigator Herschel; N. viturati Pic NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of N. vestigator Herschel; P. lewisi Portevin NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of P. morio Kraatz; P. villosus Portevin NEW STATUS as absolute syn. of P. morio Kraatz.
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