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Advantages, drawbacks and trends in nanomaterials for enzyme immobilization.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces abundant levels of rhamnolipid biosurfactants which exhibit remarkable chemical and physical characteristics, making these compounds attractive targets for biotechnology research. The complex gene regulation network involved in rhamnolipids' biosynthesis represents a challenge to industrial production, which has been the object of a growing number of studies. This article provides a comprehensive review of the known gene regulatory factors involved in rhamnolipid production within P. aeruginosa. The regulatory factors include quorum sensing systems proteins and environmental response, and global regulatory systems within basal bacterial physiology, acting either at transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. The multilayer gene regulation responds to a wide variety of environmental and physiologic signals, and is capable of combining different signals in unique and specific responses.

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Lipases represent one of the most reported groups of enzymes for the production of biofuels. They are used for the processing of glycerides and fatty acids for biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters) production. This paper presents the main topics of the enzyme-based production of biodiesel, from the feedstocks to the production of enzymes and their application in esterification and transesterification reactions. Growing technologies, such as the use of whole cells as catalysts, are addressed, and as concluding remarks, the advantages, concerns, and future prospects of enzymatic biodiesel are presented.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates are biodegradable polymers produced by prokaryotic organisms from renewable resources. The production of PHAs by submerged fermentation processes has been intensively studied over the last 30 years. In recent years, alternative strategies have been proposed, such as the use of solid-state fermentation or the production of PHAs in transgenic plants. This paper gives an overview of submerged and solid-state fermentation processes used to produce PHAs from waste materials and by-products. The use of these low-cost raw materials has the potential to reduce PHA production costs, because the raw material costs contribute a significant part of production costs in traditional PHA production processes.

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