Marine heatwaves (MHWs) pose an increasing threat to the ocean's wellbeing as global warming progresses. Forecasting MHWs is challenging due to the various factors that affect their occurrence, including large variability in the atmospheric state. In this study we demonstrate a causal link between ocean heat content and the area and intensity of MHWs in the Tasman Sea on interannual to decadal time scales. Ocean heat content variations are more persistent than 'weather-related' atmospheric drivers (e.g., blocking high pressure systems) for MHWs and thus provide better predictive skill on timescales longer than weeks. Using data from a forced global ocean sea-ice model, we show that ocean heat content fluctuations in the Tasman Sea are predominantly controlled by oceanic meridional heat transport from the subtropics, which in turn is mainly characterized by the interplay of the East Australian Current and the Tasman Front. Variability in these currents is impacted by wind stress curl anomalies north of this region, following Sverdrup's and Godfrey's 'Island Rule' theories. Data from models and observations show that periods with positive upper (2000 m) ocean heat content anomalies or rapid increases in ocean heat content are characterized by more frequent, larger, longer and more intense MHWs on interannual to decadal timescales. Thus, the oceanic heat content in the Tasman Sea acts as a preconditioner and has a prolonged predictive skill compared to the atmospheric state (e.g., surface heat fluxes), making ocean heat content a useful indicator and measure of the likelihood of MHWs.

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This paper investigates the mechanisms causing interannual variability of upper ocean heat content and sea surface temperature (SST) in the southwest Pacific. Using the ECCOv4 ocean reanalysis it is shown that air–sea heat flux and ocean heat transport convergence due to ocean dynamics both contribute to the variability of upper ocean temperatures around New Zealand. The ocean dynamics responsible for the ocean heat transport convergence are investigated. It is shown that SSTs are significantly correlated with the arrival of barotropic Rossby waves estimated from the South Pacific wind stress over the latitudes of New Zealand. Both Argo observations and the ECCOv4 reanalysis show deep isotherms fluctuate coherently around the country. The authors suggest that the depth of the thermocline around New Zealand adjusts to changes in the South Pacific winds, modifies the vertical advection of heat into the upper ocean, and contributes to the interannual variability of SST in the region.

The confluence of subtropical and subantarctic boundary currents east of New Zealand creates strong fronts. The fronts have clear signatures in sea surface height (SSH) and sea surface temperature (SST) which make the confluence a good region to investigate the variability of the boundary currents of the South Pacific. Analysis of the 20 year time series of the SSH is used to investigate the location and strength of fronts, measured as the gradient in SSH (rSSH), and the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and their relationship to local and large-scale wind forcing. The intensity of the rSSH and the EKE have increased at a rate of 0.02 cm km 21 and 32 cm 2 s 22 decade 21 , respectively. There is a significant correlation (r 5 0.7, p < 0.01) between the rSSH and EKE signals, reflecting baroclinic instabilities inherent in the fronts. Differences between northward and southward wind-driven transports across the confluence from the Island Rule are also increasing at 7.5 Sv decade 21 along with an upward trend in the SST differences across the region.Time series of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and local winds were compared to the frontal strength. Although the positive trend in the SOI coincides with increasing subtropical inflows, there is little correspondence of the indices and local winds with short-term variability. While these results indicate a connection between the intensification of the confluence and South Pacific winds, there is little change in frontal location north of Bollons Seamount which suggests bathymetry influences the location of the confluence.

Approximately 25% of Antarctic Bottom Water has its origin as dense water exiting the western Ross Sea, but little is known about what controls the release of dense water plumes from the Drygalski Trough. We deployed two moorings on the slope to investigate the water properties of the bottom water exiting the region at Cape Adare. Salinity of the bottom water has increased in 2018 from the previous measurements in 2008–2010, consistent with the observed salinity increase in the Ross Sea. We find High Salinity Shelf Water from the Drygalski Trough contributes to two pulses of dense water at Cape Adare. The timing and magnitude of the pulses is largely explained by an inverse relationship with the tidal velocity in the Ross Sea. We suggest that the diurnal and low frequency tides in the western Ross Sea may control the magnitude and timing of the dense water outflow.

The variability of Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) in the Southwest Pacific is investigated using a 28 year‐long time series (1986–2014) of high‐resolution expendable bathythermograph data north of New Zealand (PX06) and a shorter time series, the Roemmich‐Gilson monthly Argo optimal interpolation for the 2004–2014 period. The variability in STMW inventories is compared to the variability in air‐sea heat fluxes, mixed layer depths and transport of the East Auckland Current (EAUC) to assess both the atmospheric and oceanic roles influencing the formation and decay of STMW. The STMW north of New Zealand has a short lifespan with little persistence of the water mass from 1 year to the next one. Deeper mixed layers and negative anomalies in surface heat fluxes are correlated with increased formation of STMW. The heat content of the STMW layer is anticorrelated with inventories, particularly during the El Niño years. This suggests that large volumes of STMW are coincident with cooler conditions in the prior winter and less oceanic heat storage. There is significant seasonal and interannual variability in STMW inventories, however there are no trends in STMW properties, including its core layer temperature over the last decade. The variability of the winter EAUC transport is highly correlated with the STMW inventories and thermocline depth in the following spring, suggesting ocean dynamics deepen the thermocline and precondition for deeper mixed layers.

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