This chapter examines the continued development of geographical indications (GIs) at an international level, particularly in developing countries. The first part looks at the issues at stake, and at the reasons why GIs have acquired a widely shared empirical foundation, even though their legal definition was initiated within a specific historical and geographical context. This situation has triggered the apparently paradoxical development in which the recognition of origin products goes hand in hand with and fits in with globalization. The second part of the chapter examines the potential of and the issues involved in using the concept of GIs in developing countries; four key points are underlined: the role of producer organizations, consumers' expectations, guarantee schemes and the capacities of states and local institutions. The third part of the chapter highlights several GI options and the issues at stake in developing countries, based on examples from Benin (cassava-based gari missè), Costa Rica (arabica coffee), Mexico (tequila) and South Africa (rooibos tea). The conclusion mentions possible future scenarios for GIs in countries in the South.
This article proposes a research agenda for situations of coexistence of territorial agricultural and food models. Indeed, new agricultural and food models are being deployed at the territorial scale in response to criticisms of existing models and to meet new challenges. These new models embody archetypes of observed diversity, actors’ projects or standards. We use a bibliographic review and six seminars organized between 2015 and 2017 to propose an analytical framework based on four major dimensions of territorial development: the tension between specialization and diversification, innovation, adaptation and transition of food systems. We show that it is essential to understand the interactions between territorial agricultural and food models (confrontation, complementarity, coevolution, hybridization, etc.), going beyond just the characterization of the diversity of models and the evaluation of their relative performances. We conclude by highlighting the original aspects of the proposed analytical framework, its methodological challenges and the expected consequences for providing support to agricultural and food development in urban and rural territories.
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