Nowadays, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most convenient, reliable, and promising power sources for portable electronics, power tools, hybrid and electric vehicles. The characteristics of the positive electrode (cathode active material, CAM) significantly contribute to the battery’s functional properties. Applying various functional coatings is one of the productive ways to improve the work characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. Nowadays, there are many methods for depositing thin films on a material’s surface; among them, one of the most promising is atomic layer deposition (ALD). ALD allows for the formation of thin and uniform coatings on surfaces with complex geometric forms, including porous structures. This review is devoted to applying the ALD method in obtaining thin functional coatings for cathode materials and includes an overview of more than 100 publications. The most thoroughly investigated surface modifications are lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese spinel (LMO), lithium nickel-cobalt-manganese oxides (NCM), lithium-nickel-manganese spinel (LNMO), and lithium-manganese rich (LMR) cathode materials. The most studied processes of deposition are aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) films. The primary purposes of such studies are to find the synthesis parameters of films, to find the optimal coating thickness (e.g., ~1–2 nm for Al2O3, ~1 nm for ZrO2, <1 nm for TiO2, etc.), and to reveal the effect of the coating on the electrochemical parameters of batteries. The review summarizes synthesis conditions, investigation results of deposited films on CAMs and positive electrodes and some functional effects observed due to films obtained by ALD on cathodes.
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are regarded as the next step in energy storage technology. One of the main problems in developing such batteries is developing and synthesizing solid-state electrolytes (SSE). The main factor that stops the introduction of SSBs into everyday life is the low ionic conductivity of Li ions in modern SSEs. Therefore, the primary purposes of the work are to establish the reasons for the manifestation of this inhibiting factor and to assess the possibility of using new materials for SSLIB. Solution these problems ultimately can give an impetus to the development and promotion of such type batteries. In this work, SSE was obtained by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, allowing the formation of homogeneous coatings with precision control of the thickness. ALD of LixTaOy thin films on silicon and stainless steel substrates using Ta(OEt)5 and LiOtBu was studied. The synthesis temperature was 300 °С, which is based on the previous research. Samples were synthesized with different ratios of Li:Ta = 1:2, 1:3, 1:7, and depending on the ratio of metals, the growth rate per supercycle varied from 0.21 to 0.46 nm. The film thickness was determined by spectral ellipsometry. A scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the conformity and morphology of the coatings. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy was used to determine the elemental composition on the surface and in the bulk of SSE. According to X-ray diffraction, thin films are amorphous. Cyclic voltammetry has been used to study how thin films will respond to different voltages. The cathodic region cycling at various discharge currents (from 20 to 80 µA/cm2) presents a low capacity.
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