The development of energy harvesting devices can not only effectively extend the service life of electronic equipment, but also bring convenience to equipment with power supplies that cannot be changed easily. Although the existing green energy sources can provide power to electronic devices efficiently, it is difficult to apply them to micro and small electronic devices with power on the order of mW or µW because of their demanding use conditions and large power generation. For these reasons, the energy generated by mechanical vibration and human movement has become a popular energy choice for microelectronic devices. [7-10] At present, there are several ways to convert the mechanical energy generated by vibration or moving objects into the electrical energy required by electronic equipment, including electromagnetic, [11,12] electrostatic, [13,14] and piezoelectric effect. [15,16] Compared with electromagnetic and electrostatic techniques, piezoelectric materials stand out because of their high energy conversion efficiency and strong piezoelectric sensitivity. [17,18] They can directly convert the applied mechanical stress into available electrical energy and are easy to integrate into the system, thus attracting extensive attention. These materials have been applied in many fields such as piezoelectric sensors, [19,20] actuators, [21,22] ultrasonic transducers, [23,24] and energy harvesters. [25,26] From this, we can see that piezoelectric materials show great development potential for emerging functional materials and have become the focus of future research regarding renewable clean energy and advanced energy storage materials. [27] The traditional piezoelectric device is fabricated by subtractive manufacturing. This process is not only complicated, long production cycle, low utilization rate of materials, high manufacturing cost, but it also mainly employs cutting technology such as scribing, broaching, sawing, or etching for piezoelectric devices with complex geometric shapes, which greatly limits operating conditions, density and work surroundings of piezoelectric devices. In addition, the mechanical stress generated by the traditional process will cause grain loss, strength degradation,
Barium titanate/polyvinylidene fluoride- (BT/PVDF-) based nanocomposite film exhibits excellent energy storage and mechanical properties and can be used as flexible electronic components.
A platelike mesocrystalline BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 (BT/ST) nanocomposite is prepared via a clever two-step solvothermal soft chemical process. Firstly a protonated titanate H 1.07 Ti 1.73 O 4 ·nH 2 O (HT) crystal with a layered structure and platelike morphology is solvothermally treated in a Ba(OH) 2 solution to generate a homogeneous platelike BaTiO 3 /HT (BT/HT) nanocomposite. Secondly the generated BT/HT nanocomposite is solvothermally treated in a Sr(OH) 2 solution to generate the mesocrystalline BT/ST nanocomposite with platelike particle morphology. The transformation reactions from HT precursor to the mesocrystalline BT/ST nanocomposite are topochemical conversion reactions, and the formed BT/ST nanocomposite is constructed from wellaligned BT and ST nanocrystals in the same crystal-axis orientation. The BT/ST nanocomposite annealed at 900 o C shows a ferroelectric behavior and drastically enhanced piezoelectric and dielectric responses owing to the introduction of a lattice strain at a three dimensional heteroepitaxial interface between the BT and ST nanocrystals in the mesocrystal. The nanostructure of the BT/ST mesocrystal is suitable for simultaneous application of the strain engineering and the orientation engineering to develop high performance piezoelectric and dielectric materials. ■ INTRODUCTIONThe study on ferroelectric metal oxide perovskites with an ABO 3 formula is of great scientific and technological interest for their outstanding ferroelectric, piezoelectric, dielectric, pyroelectric, photoelectric, and catalytic responses. 1 , 2 , 3 The lattice strain engineering is one of the efficient approaches to further improve the electrical performances of the metal oxide perovskites. 4 The solid solution near a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) separating two crystal symmetries with different orientations of spontaneous polarization can usually exhibit an anomalously high piezoelectric and dielectric responses. 5 , 6, 7 The enhancements of the piezoelectric and dielectric responses are associated with a lattice strain derived from the lattice mismatch between the two morphotropic phases with slightly different lattice constants at their interface. 5,7 , 8, 9 The lattice strain induces an unstable spontaneous polarization at the interface, and then its polarization rotation becomes sensitive when a bias is applied, namely the energy for the polarization rotation becomes very low at MPB. 4,6,10,11 The PbZr x Ti 1-x O 3 (PZT) is a successful example of application of the MPB, which is widely used in the piezoelectric devices. Since PZT materials contain high content of toxic Pb, recently the studies on searching its alternative materials have become a hot topic. Some applications of the MPB to improve piezoelectric performances of Pb-free ferroelectric materials have been reported. However, the composition range of the MPB is very narrow, and also it is hard to get a temperature-independent MPB, 12 which limited the applications of the MPB.An artificial superlattice constructed from two kinds of perovs...
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