This article aimed to describe the current use scenario, alternative feed additives, modes of action and ameliorative effects in broiler production. Alternative feed additives have promising importance in broiler production due to the ban on the use of certain antibiotics. The most used antibiotic alternatives in broiler production are phytogenics, organic acids, prebiotics, probiotics, enzymes, and their derivatives. Antibiotic alternatives have been reported to increase feed intake, stimulate digestion, improve feed efficiency, increase growth performance, and reduce the incidence of diseases by modulating the intestinal microbiota and immune system, inhibiting pathogens, and improving intestinal integrity. Simply, the gut microbiota is the target to raise the health benefits and growth-promoting effects of feed additives on broilers. Therefore, naturally available feed additives are promising antibiotic alternatives for broilers. Then, summarizing the category, mode of action, and ameliorative effects of potential antibiotic alternatives on broiler production may provide more informed decisions for broiler nutritionists, researchers, feed manufacturers, and producers.
The study was conducted in Amhara region Maksegnit town north Gondar Ethiopia with the objective of investigating honey bee products marketing practice; opportunities and constraints. The data was collected from 40 households from four PAs by using pretested semi structure questionnaire. The collected data revealed that the major products of honey bee are honey (67.5%) and the rest (32.5%) colony itself. The major reason of keeping bees in the study area is for income source. The value obtained by ranking index revealed that middlemen, tej (a mead or honey wine) houses and retailer are the three major honey buyers with the index values of 0.30, 0.24 and 0.21, respectively. The price of honey is majorly governed by quality and color of the honey with index values of 0.4 and 0.3, respectively. The highest and the lowest price of honey in the study area was found to be 133.50 ± 6.222 and 69.25 ± 12.483 Ethiopian birr (ETB) for white and black honey, respectively. Lack of road, lack of materials for measuring the quantity of honey and the variation in the color of the honey were found to be the three major constraints of honey marketing with the index value of 0.16 of 0.143 and 0.141, respectively. The major challenge for marketing of bee colony is unavailability of organized marketing place. The Increment in number of unemployed youth, increment in price of honey and colony and the high demand of honey and colony in the area are the three major opportunities available to be engaged in beekeeping sector in the study area. To alleviate challenges of bee product and colony marketing, the government should provide important inputs and awareness should be created for the farmers.
The study was conducted in North Gondar Zone, Amhara region Ethiopia, to explore the various indigenous knowledge systems practiced in livestock production by small holder farmers. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary data sources. Qualitative data that helped to assess indigenous knowledge practices in the study area were collected through personal observation, and focus group discussions. In addition to this semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to 120 Households spread across the three districts of different PA administrative to collect relevant data. The data collected through questioner was organized and analyzed by using SPSS (version 20). The study revealed that a combination of crop residue and natural pasture is common sources of feed for most (45.8 %) of respondents. The indigenous knowledge regarding livestock production is considered as old as domestication of various livestock species. With regard to feed treatment practices, most (51.7%) of the farmers in the area treat the animal feed by using common salt in order to increase food palatability by the animals. Ethno-veterinary medicines is one of the common practice by households in North Gondar Zone. Even though most (65%) of households prefer modern disease treatment, about 78.3 % of farmers are using cultural medicine for treating different livestock diseases The main reason for using cultural medicine by farmers in the area is it’s easily availability, cheapest cost and its practical applicability. The major constraint of indigenous knowledge utilization in north Gondar zone is the resistance Development agents (28.3%) followed by other administrative bodies (22.5%) in the region. There is a high risk of extinction of indigenous knowledge if it is not documented. To avoid this loss, emphasis should be given on developing indigenous knowledge systems and documenting this unique knowledge into the mainstream knowledge. In addition to this, research should be done on the various methods of ethno-veterinary medicine and document the effective ones for use by the future generations. Moreover, research from a gender perspective is needed to document specialized ethno-veterinary knowledge not only of cattle but also of small stock such as sheep and chickens. It is important that livestock farmers share ideas on traditional knowledge with modern veterinarians in order to optimize productive capacity of herds and enhance sustainable rural livelihoods.
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