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ObjectiveThis study was performed to assess the efficacy of memantine in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI).MethodsThirty healthy controls and 45 patients diagnosed with aMCI based on the Petersen criteria were classified into 3 groups. Group 1 comprised patients who received a single memantine dose following examination (n = 25), Group 2 comprised patients who did not receive memantine treatment following examination (n = 20), and Group 3 comprised healthy age-matched volunteers (n = 30). Neuropsychological testing was performed, and the response to memantine was examined at baseline and at 12, 24, and 48 weeks. Single-photon emission computed tomography was performed at baseline and at 48 weeks in patients who received memantine treatment.ResultsMemantine treatment significantly improved the symptoms of aMCI according to the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised vocabulary subtest, backward digit span, and Blessed Dementia Rating Scale, all of which were recorded for the duration of the study.ConclusionThese data indicate that patients with aMCI receiving memantine develop an improved semantic memory compared with no treatment. Further studies including larger patient cohorts are necessary to validate these findings.

ÖZET: Uyku sağlık ve yaşamımızın iyi bir şekilde devamı için önemli bir role sahiptir. Kaliteli uyku zihinsel sağlığımızı, fiziksel sağlığımızı, hayat kalitemizı korumamıza yardım eder ve güvenliğimiz için gereklidir. Uykunun başlatılması ve sürdürülmesi kortikal ve subkortikal birçok beyin bölgesinin işlevi ile gerçekleşir. Uykunun başlatılmasında öncelikle ön hipotalamustan gelen döngüsel girdiler ve endojen kimyasal uyarılar doğrultusunda hipotalamusta ventrolateral preoptik çekirdeğin rol aldığı kabul edilir. Normal uykunun hızlı göz hareketleri (REM) ve hızlı göz hareketlerinin olmadığı (NREM) olarak iki dönemi vardır. REM uykusunda asetilkolin ve serotonin, NREM uykusunda ise serotonin ve GABA önemli rol oynayan nörotrasmitterlerdir. NREM ve REM gece boyunca 90-110 dakikalık sikluslar şekinde gecede 5-6 kez tekrarlar. NREM gecenin ilk bölümünde, REM ikinci döneminde belirgin olarak gözlenir. Uyku bozuklukları görüldüğü döneme göre 3 grupta incelenebilir: (1) REM döneminde görülenler, (2) NREM döneminde görülenler, (3) Uykunun herhangi bir döneminde görülenler. Uyku bozukluğu olan hastalar yol veya iş kazaları, sosyal uyumsuzluk, akademik veya mesleki performansta düşme gösterebilirler. Bu yüzden uyku bozukluğu detaylı olarak incelenmesi gereken önemli bir durumdur. ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Uyku, kalite, REM, NREM, ICD 3 sınıflama. QUALITY SLEEP AND SLEEP DISORDERSABSTRACT: Sleep plays a vital role in good health and well-being throughout your life. Getting enough quality sleep at the right times can help protect your mental health, physical health, quality of life, and safety. Sleep initiation and maintenance take place with the function of a lot of cortical and subcortical region of the brain. In the initiation of sleep, it is accepted that primarily cyclic inputs from the hypothalamus and anterior hypothalamus, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus with the signals of endogenous chemical. Normal sleep is divided into two states: rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM).The major neurotransmitter of REM is acetylcholine and of NREM are GABA and serotonine. In a normal individual, NREM and REM sleep alternate cyclically throughout the night. The NREM-REM cycle repeats itself every 90-110 min, 5-6 times per night. Typically, NREM sleep predominates in the first part of the night, and REM sleep predominates in the second. Sleep disorders can be divided in three groups according to occurence period: (1) Sleep disorders seen in REM, (2) in NREM and (3) in any of REM or NonREM periods. Patients with sleep disorders may effects (road and work accidents), social maladjustment, decreased academic and occupational performance. Thus, sleep disorder is a serious condition that requires investigation, diagnosis and treatment.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that accounts for nearly 70% of the more than 50 million dementia cases estimated worldwide. There is no cure for AD. Currently, AD diagnosis is carried out using neuropsychological tests, neuroimaging scans, and laboratory tests. In the early stages of AD, brain computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings may be normal, but in late periods, diffuse cortical atrophy can be detected more prominently in the temporal and frontal regions. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that records the electrical signals of the brain by using electrodes that directly reflects cortical neuronal functioning. In addition, EEG is noninvasive and widely available at low cost, has high resolution, and provides access to neuronal signals, unlike functional MR or PET which indirectly detects metabolic signals. Accurate, specific, and cost-effective biomarkers are needed to track the early diagnosis, progression, and treatment response of AD. The findings of EEG in AD are now identified as biomarkers. In this chapter, we reviewed studies that used EEG or event-related potential (ERP) indices as a biomarker of AD.