Cancer incidence rate has been increasing drastically in recent years. One of the many cancer treatment methods is chemotherapy. Traditional medicine, in the form of complementary and alternative therapy, is actively used to treat cancer, and many herbs and active ingredients of such therapies are being intensely studied to integrate them into modern medicine. Ginseng is traditionally used as a nourishing tonic and for treating various diseases in Asian countries. The therapeutic potential of ginseng in modern medicine has been studied extensively; the main bioactive component of ginseng is ginsenosides, which have gathered attention, particularly for their prospects in the treatment of fatal diseases such as cancer. Ginsenosides displayed their anticancer and antimetastatic properties not only via restricting cancer cell proliferation, viability, invasion, and migration but also by promoting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy in several cancers, such as breast, brain, liver, gastric, and lung cancer. Additionally, ginsenosides can work synergistically with already existing cancer therapies. Thus, ginsenosides may be used alone or in combination with other pharmaceutical agents in new therapeutic strategies for cancer. To date however, there is little systematic summary available for the anticancer effects and therapeutic potential of ginsenosides. Therefore, we have reviewed and discussed all available literature in order to facilitate further research of ginsenosides in this manuscript.
It is already well known that castration improves marbling quality but exact timing of castration is still highly debated in beef cattle production industry. After castration, blood hormonal changes occur in steer and objective of this study was to investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH) levels on adipocyte differentiation in stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and transdifferentiation into adipocytes in C2C12 myoblasts. Total GH concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 24 male calves and 4 female calves. Cell proliferation, cellular triglyceride (TG) accumulation, and the cell’s lipolytic capability were measured in C2C12 myoblasts and SVCs. Myogenic, adipogenic, and brown adipocyte-specific gene expression was measured via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using SYBR green. Serum GH levels were the highest in late-castrated calves. Treatment with 5 ng/mL GH resulted in greater TG accumulation as well as increased CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ expression compared to that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. Treatment with 5 ng/mL GH also resulted in lower myogenin (myo)G and myoD expression compared to that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 after treatment with 5 ng/mL GH was higher than that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. But carcass characteristics data showed no significant difference between early and late castrated steers. Therefore, our results indicate that castration timing does not seem to be inevitable determinate of carcass qualities, particularly carcass weight and marbling score in Hanwoo beef cattle.
Studying the genetic diversity of Mongolian Argali sheep populations using microsatellite loci requires an accurate and world-standard method than Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Therefore, in this study, we developed a multiplex PCR for 3 high polymorphism loci (BM302, INRA040, BM4505) using fluorescent labeled primers (FAM, HEX, TAMRA), and tested the usability of this methodology to simultaneously amplify the alleles of multiple micro[1]satellite loci in a short amount of time. Using our multiplex PCR method, the alleles of those 3 loci were successfully amplified on a total of 99 samples from the Altai, Gobi, Khangai, and Khoridol Saridag populations, and their allele lengths were determined by the fragment analysis method. General genetic parameters were evaluated to determine the observed length of alleles on each microsatellite locus that was suitable for research. The number of alleles (Na) observed in Altai (15.00), Gobi Desert (16.67), and Khangai (13.33) populations were relatively high, while in the Khoridol Saridag population, it was lower (9.00). The number of effective alleles (Ne) was comparatively low in Altai (6.73), Gobi Desert (8.02), and Khoridol Saridag (4.2) populations, but considerably uniform in the Khangai population (9.94). Moreover, observed (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) was highest in Altai (0.80, 0.84), Gobi (0.74, 0.87), and Khangai (0.85, 0.89) populations. Although the genetic diversity of the BM302, BM4505, and INRA040 loci was high, the majority of the detected alleles had low frequency. In conclusion, multiplex PCR was successfully optimized and the amplified fragments were analyzed which resulted in preliminary population genetic results in a short period. Future research uti[1]lizing this multiplex PCR and fragment analysis methodology should be conducted with more microsatellite markers, leading to precise results concerning the conservation genetics of Argali sheep. Монгол орны аргаль хонины популяцуудын микросателлитын судалгаанд мультиплекс ПГУ ба фрагментийн анализын аргазүйг тогтворжуулан туршсан дүнгээс Монгол орны аргаль хонины генетик олон янз байдлыг микросателлитын локусуудаар судлахад ПААГ-аас илүү өндөр нарийвчлалтай, дэлхийн стандартад нийцсэн фрагмент анализын аргазүйгээр хийх шаардлага тулгарсан. Ингэхдээ олон микросателлитын локусын аллелийг богино хугацаанд олшруулахын тулд бид флуоресценц 3 өөр өнгөтэй (FAM, HEX, TAMRA) бодисоор тэмдэглэсэн праймераар полиморфизм өндөртэй 3 локусыг (BM302, INRA040, BM4505) сонгон мультиплекс ПГУ-ын арга зүй боловсруулж, энэ аргазүйг цаашид ашиглах боломжийг турших зорилгоор энэ судалгааг хийв. Боловсруулсан мултиплекс ПГУ-ын арга зүйг ашиглан Алтай, Говь, Хангай, Хорьдол Сарьдагийн популяцуудын нийт 99 дээжид дээрх 3 локусын аллелиудыг амжилттай олшруулж, аллелийн уртыг тодорхойлсон. Түүнчлэн микросателлитын локус бүрийн аллелиудын урт нь судалгаанд ашиглахад тохиромжтой эсэхийг шалган ерөнхий генетик үзүүлэлтүүдийг тооцоход ажиглагдсан аллелийн тоо Алтай (15.00), Говь (16.67), Хангайн (13.33) популяцад их, Хорьдол Сарьдагийн популяцад харьцангуй бага (9.00) байв. Эффектив аллелийн тоо Алтай (6.73), Говь (8.02), Хорьдол Сарьдагийн (4.2) популяцад хэт бага, Хангайн (9.94) популяцад харьцангуй жигд, хүлээгдэж буй гетерозигот байдал Алтай (0.80, 0.84), Говь (0.74, 0.87), Хангайн (0.85, 0.89) популяцад хамгийн өндөр байв. BM302, BM4505, INRA040 локусуудын генетик олон янз байдал өндөр ч ихэнх аллелиуд нь бага давтамжтай байв. Үүнээс дүгнэхэд, энэхүү боловсруулсан мултиплекс ПГУ амжилттай тогтворжсон бөгөөд олшруулсан бүтээгдэхүүнд фрагмент анализ хийн генетик үзүүлэлтүүдийг тооцож богино хугацаанд популяцийн генетикийн судалгаанд ач холбогдолтой урьдчилсан дүнг гарган авав. Цаашид мултиплекс ПГУ, фрагмент анализийн энэ арга зүйг ашиглан микросателлитын маркеруудын тоог нэмэгдүүлэн судалгааг үргэлжлүүлж аргалийн хамгааллын генетикийн илүү үнэн зөв дүгнэлт гаргах боломжтой гэж үзэв. Түлхүүр үгc: мултиплекс ПГУ тогтворжуулалт, популяцын генетик үзүүлэлт, микросателлит BM302, BM4505, INRA040 локус, аргаль хонь
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