The crucial part in the development of PTA and, in turn, patellar tendinopathy may not be the magnitude of the patellar tendon load but rather the loading patterns. This research provides clinicians with important landing assessment criteria against which to identify athletes at risk of developing patellar tendinopathy.

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If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. AbstractPurpose -The purpose of this paper is to measure the breast volume of a large sample of women and their corresponding correctly fitted bra size, in order to demonstrate the range of volumes within each size and the variation amongst different bra sizes. Design/methodology/approach -Breast volume of 104 women was measured via water displacement and was compared to their professionally fitted bra size, in the one style and brand of bra. Findings -The mean breast volume of the left and right breast was 642 and 643 ml, ranging from 125 (size 10A) to 1,900 ml (size 24DD). The average professionally fitted bra band size was 12 (range size 10-24; Australian sizing) and cup size was DD (range A-G). A range of breast volumes was found to correspond to the same bra size and the volume of any one cup size was not homogenous amongst different band sizes. Practical implications -Appreciating the range of breast volumes that correspond to each bra size is important in terms of both bra structure and design in order to provide adequate breast support. The large variation in cup volumes associated with different band sizes suggests women should not consider themselves to be an isolated cup size, but rather a combination of a band and cup size. Originality/value -This is the first study to publish normative breast volume data, and the corresponding correctly fitted bra sizes, for a large sample of women. This is important information for bra design and to assist women achieve correct bra fit and support.

Objectives: To investigate the effects of respiratory state and measurement method on bra size calculation. Methods: The bra sizes of 16 large-breasted women were measured during two respiratory states, end voluntary inspiration and relaxed voluntary expiration, and using two sizing methods, which were compared against subject-reported bra sizes. Results: Both respiratory state and measurement method significantly affected bra size estimations, whereby measuring chest circumference during inspiration increased both band and decreased cup size. However, whereas bra size calculated using the standard method differed significantly from subjectreported bra size, cup size calculated using the breast hemi-circumference method did not differ significantly from subject-reported cup size. Conclusions: As respiratory state significantly affects bra sizes, it should be standardised during bra size measurements. A more valid and reliable bra sizing method should be developed, possibly using the breast hemi-circumference method for cup size estimations and raw under-bust chest circumference values for band size.

It is recommended that bra cups must be designed to support the wide range and increasing magnitude of breast volumes exhibited by women. Practitioner summary: This original research provides evidence for bra designers and manufacturers on the range of breast volumes of women and the significant effect of BMI on breast volume. Bra cups need to be designed to support the wide range and increasing magnitude of breast volumes exhibited by women.

Aim: To establish whether exercise-induced vertical breast displacement and discomfort in women with large breasts were reduced during deep water running compared to treadmill running. Methods: Sixteen women (mean age = 32 years, range 19-43 years; mean mass = 74.1 kg, range 61-114 kg; mean height = 1.7 m, range 1.61-1.74 m), who were professionally sized to wear a C+ bra cup, were recruited as representative of women with large breasts. After extensive familiarisation, vertical breast motion of the participants was quantified as they ran at a self-selected stride rate on a treadmill and in 2.4 m deep water. Immediately after running, the subjects rated their breast discomfort and breast pain (visual analogue scale) and their perceived exertion (Borg scale). Breast discomfort, breast pain, perceived exertion, vertical breast displacement and vertical breast velocity were compared between the two experimental conditions. Results: Exercise-induced breast discomfort was significantly less and perceived exertion was significantly greater during deep water running relative to treadmill running. Although there was no significant betweencondition difference in vertical breast displacement, mean peak vertical breast velocity was significantly (p,0.05) less during deep water (upward mean (SD): 29.7 (14.0) cm.s -1 ; downward: 31.1 (17.0) cm.s -1 ) compared to treadmill running (upward mean (SD): 81.4 (21.7) cm.s -1 ; downward: 100.0 (25.0) cm.s -1 ). Conclusion: Deep water running was perceived as a more strenuous but comfortable exercise mode for women with large breasts. Increased comfort was attributed to reduced vertical breast velocity rather than reduced vertical breast displacement. E xercise prescription is fundamental to the practice of sports medicine, not only in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, but also in health promotion. The positive health benefits associated with physical exercise are well documented and sports medicine practitioners play a critical role in prescribing physical activity to patients. One target group of patients who frequently seek treatment and require specialised exercise prescription are women with large breasts. These women can be inhibited from participating in activities such as running and jumping due to exercise-induced breast discomfort. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Previous biomechanical studies of breast motion have related this exercise-induced breast discomfort to excessive breast movement, 1 4-7 9-12 particularly vertical movement, where as little as 2 cm of vertical breast displacement has been sufficient to induce discomfort in women. 11Deep water running has become an increasingly well recognised form of cardiovascular exercise. It is most commonly used by post-operative patients and athletes recovering from injury, and can even be suitable for patients who are not able to swim. It provides an alternative form of aerobic exercise to land-based running in situations where loading of the musculoskeletal system could be problematic, 13-15 such as in bone and joi...

The design features of greater breast elevation and compression provided significantly increased breast and bra comfort compared with a standard encapsulation sports bra during physical activity for women with large breasts.