The analysis of changes in macrobenthic community using multivariate statistical techniques has been applied to find the structure by the environmental condition. The aim of the study was to evaluate macrofaunal community patterns between natural occurrence of coastal hypoxia condition (30 to 100 m depth) and normoxic bottom waters over the Southeastern Arabian Sea (SEAS). The macrofaunal communities patterns were analyzed by using various statistical methods (e.g. rank correlation, hierarchical clustering, nMDS, BIO-ENV). A clear seasonal difference was found in macrofaunal abundance, biomass, taxonomic composition, diversity and their relation to environmental conditions. Multivariate analysis of Non Multidimensional Scaling (nMDS) showed two major groups macrofaunal communities and ANOSIM results showed a significant difference between macrofaunal community structure in between nornaxia and hypoxia conditions (R=0.913). Spearman rank correlation (using BIO-ENV procedure included in PRIMER, V.6) showed the highest correlation of dissolved oxygen (R=0.678) with community structure. The SIMPER analysis illustrated community pattern changed seasonally with Paraprionospia cordifolia (20.03%) dominated during hypoxia whereas Tharyx sp. (22.63%) dominated in nornaxia conditions. The macrofaunal community patterns revealed contrasting pattern with two seasons, perhaps due to the dissolved oxygen (DO).
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a polyphagous Lepidopteran pest, a native to tropical and sub-tropical America and recently it has invaded the African and Asian countries. Presently, the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) - gene based molecular characterization of FAW samples from the maize fields of southern Rajasthan has revealed the occurrence of corn and rice strains there. The occurrence of such S. frugiperda population of Rajasthan region could be traced its origin from the Florida-Caribbean region or African region. Further, the Tpi gene region analysis showed that the S.frugiperda forms found in the maize fields are only the corn strains. In the Indian Rajasthan populations of FAW, the Tpi-variant2 category is the highest one and is then followed by the Tpi-variant1 and Tpi-variant3 was unique with C and T at Tpie4192 and Tpie4198, respectively. Further research is needed towards the confirmation of these tentatively identified strains of S. frugiperda that would in turn helpful for the proper monitoring, host-plant identification and the effective management of such pests.
The field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of new molecules in combination and alone against insect pests of cotton (sucking and bollworms) at Agricultural Research Station-Banswara (Rajasthan) during kharif -2016 and 2017. The trial was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with eleven treatments including untreated check, each replicated thrice. The results revealed that both the doses of sulfoxaflor 30% WG i.e. 437.5 and 375 ml ha-1 were found very effective against jassids with highest percent control. Whereas, pyriproxyfen 5% EC @750 ml ha-1 and pyriproxyfen 5% EC + fenpropathrin 15% EC @ 750 ml ha-1 were found more effective against whiteflies and also gave highest seed cotton yield.
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