The scattered nature and active topology of wireless sensor networks (WSN) have some particular requirements -reduced energy consumption and extended network's lifetime. The paper provides a brief introduction about the wireless sensor network including the widely adopted architecture of wireless sensor network and wireless sensor node. The paper also focuses in critical issues of wsn that includes energy per packet, lower energy consumption, average packet delay, energy spent per round, packet size, distance, time until first node dies. The paper focuses on hierarchical routing protocols which are based on network structure scheme and explains how neural networks are helpful in providing energy efficiency to wireless sensor networks.
Background: Diagnostic laparoscopy has been in the armamentarium of the surgeon and gynaecologist for many years as a useful technique for evaluating pelvic pathology and it is now one of the most frequently performed laparoscopic procedures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of diagnostic laparoscopy in undiagnosed pain abdomen. The Objectives of this study is to evaluate laparoscopy as a diagnostic tool in cases of undiagnosed abdominal pain where clinical symptoms and investigations are not conclusive and to evaluate benefits and complications of diagnostic laparoscopy.Methods: The study was done in 60 patients, presenting with chronic undiagnosed pain abdomen to a tertiary care hospital. All the patients were operated under general anesthesia in supine position. Diagnostic laparoscopy was done using 3 ports, one umbilical 10 mm, other two depending upon possible pathology. After the study, the data was analyzed to evaluate the role of laparoscopy in undiagnosed abdominal pain.Results: Out of 60 patients, 44 were female and 16 males. On diagnostic laparoscopy, findings were- chronic appendicitis - 31, chronic appendicitis with left ovarian cyst - 1, endometriosis with adhesions - 3, PID - 5, PID with adhesions - 3, suspected TB (GI/Genital) - 4, adhesions - 12, negative diagnostic lap - 1. So it may be concluded that diagnostic laparoscopy is a very useful tool to establish diagnosis in patients with undiagnosed abdominal pain with the following benefits are, superior diagnostic ability, better visualization of the abdominal cavity including the paracolic gutters and the pelvis, able to pin point the sites of adhesions with adhesiolysis during the same procedure, retrieval of specimen for histopathological examination, management of the pathology during the same procedure, avoiding unnecessary laparotomy, low complication rate.Conclusions: Laparoscopy is an efficient tool in the armamentarium of the surgeon to diagnose the patients of undiagnosed pain abdomen with numerous benefits and minimal complications.
Genital Elephantiasis is an important medical problem in the tropics; usually affects young and productive age group and is associated with physical disability and mental anguish. It is one of the bizarre & nipping diseases and has a long history of worldwide distribution. Most of the reported cases occur as an end result of lymphatic obstruction due to various diseases like Filariasis, sexually transmitted diseases (LGV & Donovanosis) as well as malignancies. Few cases may remain of unknown etiology. We are reporting a case of huge vulval elephantiasis, etiology of which remained unknown.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVESTo determine the incidence of multiple pregnancy (Multifoetal gestation), possible risk factors, ante-partum, intra-partum and post-partum complications and foetal outcome in multiple gestation. MATERIAL AND METHODA clinical evaluation of all cases of multiple pregnancy who were admitted to the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Umaid Hospital for women and children, Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College, Jodhpur, was done. The study was carried out during the period of one year from January 2014 to December 2014. Cases were defined as women who admitted or delivered at our hospital during second or third trimester. All women were evaluated for antenatal complications, gestation at which complications occurred, mode of delivery and neonatal outcome. RESULTSTotal number of multiple pregnancy was 237, out of which 232 were twins and 5 were triplets. The rate of multiple pregnancy in the present study is 9.43/1000 birth. Majority of the women were young multiparous; 48.5% of them had preterm labour and 38.7% had anaemia. Pregnancy induced hypertension, premature rupture of membranes and intrauterine growth retardation were the other complications; 48.5% had premature delivery. The incidence of perinatal mortality was 7.6%. Perinatal deaths reported in first baby were 14, 18 in second baby and 2 in third baby; 5 in 178 twin pregnancies. Two mothers died. CONCLUSIONSThe announcement, "it's twins!" creates excitement and anxiety in the expectant family. Multiple pregnancies are associated with significant antenatal and perinatal complications. Some of these are specific of multiple pregnancy like TTTS, TRAP and intrauterine demise of one foetus, others are encountered more often than in singleton pregnancies. Proper efforts should be geared during the antenatal period toward the prevention of complications and to improve maternal and neonatal outcome.
Penile cutaneous horn is a horn like hyper-keratotic lesion over penis which is an unusual site and a rare case. We report a case of cutaneous horn of penis in age of 20 years which is also a rare presentation in this age group.
BACKGROUND The incidence of vascular trauma has increased considerably during the past 40 years. Although, they represent less than 3% of all injuries, they deserve special attention because of complications and limb loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a descriptive study. Over a period of one year, 98 patients were operated for peripheral vascular injuries. Physical examination was used for diagnosis with the use of duplex ultrasonography/ CT angiography where needed. Vascular repair was carried out in terms of primary repair or interposition vein graft and fasciotomy was considered as and when required. Patients with non-salvageable extremity requiring primary amputation were excluded from the study. RESULTS Most of the patients were male. Most common cause was road traffic accidents. Occurrence of concomitant orthopaedic injuries was very high in this study. The commonly injured artery was popliteal artery (38.7%) and brachial artery (27.5%). Surgical procedures performed were interposition vein grafts in 54% cases, whereas end-to-end repair in 20.4% cases. The limb salvage rate was 76.53%. CONCLUSION Early diagnosis and treatment of vascular injury is important for limb salvage. Patients should be surgically intervened even after golden period has passed, because with limb or without limb matters a lot.
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