The increasingly intimate bond connecting soft actuation devices and emerging biomedical applications is triggering the development of novel materials with superb biocompatibility and a sensitive actuation capability that can reliably function as bio-use-oriented actuators in a human-friendly manner. Stimulus-responsive hydrogels are biocompatible with human tissues/organs, have sufficient water content, are similar to extracellular matrices in structure and chemophysical properties, and are responsive to external environmental stimuli, and these materials have recently attracted massive research interest for fabricating bioactuators. The great potential of employing such hydrogels that respond to various stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, light, electricity, and magnetic fields) for actuation purposes has been revealed by their performances in real-time biosensing systems, targeted drug delivery, artificial muscle reconstruction, and cell microenvironment engineering. In this review, the material selection of hydrogels with multiple stimulusresponsive mechanisms for actuator fabrication is first introduced, followed by a detailed introduction to and discussion of the most recent progress in emerging biomedical applications of hydrogel-based bioactuators. Final conclusions, existing challenges, and upcoming development prospects are noted in light of the status quo of bioactuators based on stimulus-responsive hydrogels.
The employment difficulty of modern college students has become one of the common problems in the society, and the diversified employment model of entrepreneurship as employment pull has become an effective way to enhance the employment rate and boost the social and economic development. The innovative and venture education into the whole procedure of talent training has become a new education concept and reached a consensus. However, this mode of education is not immutable. Under the background of major social events and emergent social problems, creation and entrepreneurship education is faced with the challenge of mechanism and way. The research perspective of this paper is based on the multiple psychological and operational crises brought to entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs by industrial structure contradictions and marketing mode changes in the social environment of COVID-19 public events. How to turn the crisis into a business opportunity through flexible and diversified innovation education and entrepreneurship support, and better accomplish the task of creation and entrepreneurship by changing creation and entrepreneurship education and practice in various turbulent situations? Under the background of COVID-19 epidemic, this paper proposes solutions to problems existing in the practice of contemporary college students, and discusses new modes of creation and entrepreneurship for academy students.
The significant increase of people who join in sport exercises brings significantly increasing exercise-induced muscle injuries, making timely diagnosis and prognosis of muscle injuries important for recovery.
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