Pest management in the agricultural process has faced worldwide economic and ecological issues related to chemicals usage. Botanical insecticides have long been considered promising alternatives to control pests because botanicals reputedly pose a minor threat to the environment and human health. Some studies have evaluated several botanical insecticides to control aphids in chrysanthemum. The research was conducted under plastic house conditions at the Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute from January to December 2018. Leaf extract of T. sinensis, T. diversifolia and A. indica at the concentration of 3 and 3.5 g/l, processed oil of C. nardus at the concentration of 2.5 and 5 g/l and synthetic insecticide Imidacloprid 1 g/l were sprayed in the morning or late afternoon. The results showed that aphid attacks severity and percentage of attacked plants were lower when the insecticides were applied in the late afternoon. Slightly softer than synthetic chemicals, the leaf extract of T. sinensis at 3 g/l suppressed the aphid development more effective for about 55.93% than other botanicals treatments. On reproductive properties, the leaf extract of T. sinensis at 3 and 3 g/l and T. diversifolia at 3 g/l induced a higher percentage of open flower for more than 65% than synthetic insecticides, Imidacloprid.
Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a serious worldwide pest of greenhouse crops on horticultural commodities, especially in chrysanthemum. Besides being able to affect the plant vigor and reduce the quality of chrysanthemums, B. tabaci also transmits the plant virus. This study aims to determine the distribution and abundance of whitefly populations in six chrysanthemum cultivars (Sazeta, Nameswari, Cayapati, Yulimar, Kusuma Patria and Sabia) under glasshouse conditions. Numbers of whitefly adults, eggs, nymphs and pupa were observed every one week from the underside of the young, mature and old leaves. The total mean numbers of adults, eggs, nymphs and pupa were tested using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test at p <0.05. Our results showed that the population distribution of B. tabaci adults in six chrysanthemum cultivars was higher in young leaves than mature and old leaves. Number of eggs and nymphs were higher in mature and old leaves. Whitefly abundance (adults, eggs, nymphs and pupa) on chrysanthemums cultivar Sabia were the highest, implies that there is a need search for appropriate control strategy so that the yield losses of chrysanthemum can be reduced.
<p><strong>(<em>The Potential of Botanical Insecticides to Control of Aphis gossypii on Gerbera and its Compatibility with Menochilus sexmaculatus</em>)</strong></p><p>Kutu daun Aphis gossypii diketahui dapat menghambat peningkatan produksi gerbera. Upaya pengendalian hama ini masih mengandalkan penggunaan insektisida sintetik. Namun, pada beberapa kasus, praktik pengendalian hama tersebut seringkali kurang efektif. Insektisida nabati merupakan salah satu teknik pengendalian ramah lingkungan yang dapat mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji keefektifan formulasi insektisida nabati ekstrak daun suren (Toona sinensis) dan bunga piretrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) dalam pengendalian A. gossypii pada tanaman gerbera serta kompatibilitasnya dengan Menochilus sexmaculatus. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias dari bulan Februari sampai November 2017. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 12 perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan ekstrak bunga piretrum dan daun suren serta campuran keduanya (Formula I, Formula II, Formula III) diuji keefektifannya terhadap nimfa A. gossypii pada tanaman gerbera koleksi plasma nutfah nomor 01200002. Pengujian dilakukan pada dua taraf konsentrasi 0,35% dan 0,40% (w/v) dengan metode semprot serangga dan residu pada daun. Uji kompatibilitas insektisida nabati terhadap M. sexmaculatus dilakukan dengan metode semprot serangga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua perlakuan insektisida nabati memiliki aktivitas insektisida, namun hanya perlakuan konsentrasi 0,40% yang menunjukkan persentase kematian tertinggi hama target. Penyemprotan langsung insektisida nabati pada nimfa A. gossypii lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan residu pada daun gerbera. Perlakuan Formula III 0,40% menunjukkan mortalitas tertinggi, dan keefektifannya setara dengan imidakloprid dalam mengendalikan kutu daun di rumah kaca. Ekstrak insektisida nabati uji kompatibel dengan M. sexmaculatus, sementara imidakloprid bersifat toksik terhadap keduanya. Dengan demikian, penggunaan imidakloprid untuk pengendalian kutu daun pada tanaman gerbera perlu dibatasi.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p><em>Gerbera jamesonii</em>; <em>Aphis gossypii</em>; <em>Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium</em>; Toona sinensis; Predator Coccinellidae</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Aphis gossypii is known as one of the most damaging aphid species in gerbera production. The botanical insecticide is one of the environmentally-friendly control techniques to overcome this pest. The objective of research was to examine the effectiveness of the botanical insecticide from Toona sinensis leaf and pyrethrum flowers extract to control gerbera aphids and its compatibility with Menochilus sexmaculatus. The research was conducted at Segunung Research Station from February to November 2017, using a Randomized Completed Design with 12 treatments and three replications. Extract of Toona leaf, and pyrethrum flowers, and mixture of both (Formula I, Formula II, Formula III) were tested for its effectiveness against A. gossypii nymphs on gerbera. Testing was arranged at two concentration levels of 0.35% and 0.40% (w/v) by insect spraying and leaf residual methods. The compatibility test against M. sexmaculatus was worked by using the insect spraying method. The results showed that all botanical insecticide had insecticidal activity, but only a concentration of 0.40% showed the highest target pests mortality. Direct spraying of A. gossypii is more effective than residue on the leaf. The Formula III 0.40% showed the highest mortality and equal to imidacloprid for controlling aphids in greenhouses. The botanical insecticide extract was compatible with M. sexmaculatus, while imidacloprid was toxic them both.</p>
The botanical insecticide is one of the strategies to control insect pests in greenhouse pest management programs which effective against pests and selective to natural enemies. A plastic house study was conducted to evaluate the safety of botanical insecticide against natural enemies associated with chrysanthemum aphids. Two series concentration of neem oil insecticides at 3.0 and 3.5% was conducted to investigate the effect of calendar application on the abundance and diversity of natural enemies. The species abundance and diversity of natural enemies were determined by visual assessment, yellow pan trap and sweep net sampling. Based on the research result, there are sixteen species of Aphis gossypii natural enemies from 256 individuals belonging to 12 families under 8 different orders. The most dominant predator was Coccinellidae, Syrphidae and Hemerobiidae families. Coccinellids predator Menochilus sexmaculatus was found to be dominant with the high number of species. Neem oil insecticides did not affect abundance, and composition of natural enemies of chrysanthemum aphids, especially on Coccinellids predator. Therefore, neem oil-based insecticides can be a substantial contribution towards the preservation of biodiversity in plastic house ecosystem.
Synthetic insecticides are still widely used in gardens and greenhouses of ornamental crops to reduce populations of insect pests and preserve flower quality. The improper and unwise use of synthetic insecticides has caused various negative impacts on humans, insect pests, and the environment. Therefore, the quest for unharmed insecticides and environmentally friendly is being sought. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of botanical insecticide formulation of neem and citronella oil to control long-tailed mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus. Four insecticide concentrations of neem, citronella oil and its mixtures (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 per cent) were tested for their effectiveness by adding each with Latron at 0.5% as an emulsifier. Bioassays were performed in the laboratory by spraying insecticides on Phalaenopsis leaves infested with P. longispinus groups of one size class, mostly represented by the third instar nymphs. The results revealed that all insecticides tested caused mortality after 24 hours. The combination of neem and citronella in 1.5% provided adequate protection by reducing P. longispinus populations by up to 86%. Thus, botanical insecticides can be recommended as a viable alternative to synthetic insecticides against P. longispinus which infested orchids.
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