The successful control of basal rot disease (BSR) determined by early detection of infection because when the symptoms already appear, generally plants are difficult to save. The earlier the Ganoderma infection is known, the easier the control will be and the losses can be minimized. Therefore, early detection of Ganoderma infection is very necessary, which in this study was carried out by detecting volatile compounds using electronic nose (E-nose). E-nose detection has been carried out to analyze the compounds formed in pure Ganoderma culture. Detection of plants in the field carried out at 4 levels of infection, i.e. healthy, early, moderate and severe infection. The results concluded that Ganoderma mycelium when compared with other fungi (Trichoderma, Aspergillus and Omphalina) showed significant differences when analyzed using an unsupervised PCA chemometric system. The E-nose data processed using machine learning Support Vector Machine (SVM) was able to distinguish the aroma between Ganoderma boninense CSB, G. boninense ‘Rejosari’, and G. lucidum with an accuracy rate of 99.64%. E nose was able to differentiate with high accuracy (90.95%) of each infection level even though there was still a slice between in root sample.
Penyakit bercak daun telah bertransformasi menjadi ancaman serius untuk keberlangsungan pembibitan kelapa sawit. Dalam kurun dua tahun terakhir, infestasi penyakit bercak daun pada beberapa sentra pembibitan kelapa sawit di Sumatera dan Kalimantan telah menyebabkan kerusakan yang berat hingga menyebabkan kematian pada bibit yang dibudidayakan. Evaluasi penyakit pada sentra-sentra pembibitan dengan tingkat penyakit berat menunjukkan adanya kesamaan metode penyiraman yang menyediakan kondisi optimal bagi patogen untuk menginisiasi penyakit. Tindakan pengendalian yang masih mengandalkan penggunaan fungisida harus dilakukan secara bijak untuk mencegah terjadinya resistensi. Indikasi resistensi dapat dikaji dari penurunan efektivitas pengendalian fungisida yang sama dari waktu ke waktu. Rotasi dan pencampuran bahan aktif menjadi salah satu solusi untuk mematahkan serta mencegah terjadinya resistensi terhadap suatu bahan aktif fungisida. Namun, penggunaan fungisida hanya akan mampu menghentikan epidemi penyakit jika diiringi dengan pemahaman mengenai aspek-aspek yang memengaruhi perkembangan penyakit bercak daun di pembibitan kelapa sawit.
BIODEGRADABILITY OF CASSAVA EDIBLE BIOPLASTICS IN LANDFILL AND PLANTATION SOIL. Biodegradation research of the edible bioplastic from cassava starch by carbon dioxide analysis has not been widely reported. This research aimed to evaluate biodegradability of edible bioplastic made from cassava starch by using two natural inoculums i,e landfill and plantation soil. The edible bioplastics used in this study were bioplastic with and without hydrophobic liquid. Biodegradation test of the bioplastic was then compared to HDPE plastic. The test was conducted in the glass jar for 60 days. The carbon dioxide generated from the biodegradation process was absorbed by 0.1 N sodium hydroxide and titrated with 0.1 N HCl. There was no carbon dioxide released from the HDPE plastic during the test. Biodegradation of the bioplastic in plantation soil was higher than in landfill soil. Biodegradation rate of the bioplastic in landfill soil was 0.201 mg CO2/day and 0.249 mg CO2/day for bioplastic without and with hydrophobic liquid, respectively. Biodegradation rate of the bioplastic in plantation soil was 0.604 mg CO2/day and 0.424 mg CO2/day for bioplastic without and with hydrophobic liquid, respectively. Complete biodegradation of the bioplastic in landfill soil was predicted in 431 days and 366 days for bioplastic without and with hydrophobic liquid, respectively. In another hand, complete biodegradation of the bioplastic in plantation soil predicted in 151 days and 201 days for bioplastic without and with hydrophobic liquid, respectively. Microbes population in the soil could be affected the biodegradation rate of the bioplastics.
Wilt and anthracnose are diseases on chili that cause substantial losses and even crop failure. Control of the diseases is generally carried out using chemical pesticides which are environmentally harmful. Therefore, the development of nanoparticles, such as nanochitosan-Cu, can be an environmentally friendly solution in controlling chili disease. The current technology in developing nanochitosan-Cu is green synthesis, which uses an effective reducing agent but non-toxic for plants and the environment. However, the process requires sonication, which is difficult to be adapted for scale-up production. This research aimed to synthesize and determine the formulation of nanochitosan –Cuusing magnetic stirrer method without sonication, and also to evaluate the antifungal ability of nanochitosan-Cu againstFusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum capcisi causing wilt and anthracnose disease, respectively. Synthesis of nanochitosan-Cu was carried out at 50°C and 400 rpm of speed. Characterizations of nanochitosan-Cu were analyzed using SEM-EDX and PSA. In vitro antifungal activity test was carried out by food poisoning method.The results showed that the synthesis of nanochitosan-Cu using ionic gelation method can be carried out without sonication process, and produce round shape nanoparticles with 183.7 nm of diameter. The nanochitosan-Cu was effective against F. oxysporum and C. capsici, at a concentration of 100 ppm. It inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum and C. capsici by 100% and 92.38%, respectively.Layu dan antraknosa merupakan penyakit pada tanaman cabai yang menimbulkan kerugian besar bahkan gagal panen. Pengendalian penyakit tersebut umumnya dilakukan menggunakan pestisida kimia yang tidak ramah lingkungan. Untuk itu perlu dikembangkan biofungisida yang ramah lingkungan, salah satunya adalah nanopartikel kitosan-Cu. Teknologi pengembangan nanopartikel yang saat ini sedang berkembang adalah green synthesis, yaitu menggunakan reduktor yang efektif namun tidak toksik terhadap tanaman dan lingkungan. Proses sintesis ini membutuhkan sonikasi yang cukup sulit untuk diadaptasi pada skala produksi masal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan sintesis nanopartikel kitosan-Cu dengan metode magnetic stirrer tanpa sonikasi, serta mengevaluasi kemampuan antifungi terhadap Fusarium oxysporum dan Colletotrichum capcisi penyebab layu dan antraknosa. Sintesis nanokitosan-Cu dilakukan pada suhu 50°C dengan kecepatan 400 rpm. Karakterisasi nanokitosan-Cu dilakukan menggunakan SEM-EDX dan PSA. Uji aktivitas antifungi secara in vitro dilakukan menggunakan metode peracunan makanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sintesis nanokitosan-Cu dengan metode gelasi ionik dapat dilakukan tanpa proses sonikasi dan menghasilkan nanopartikel berdiameter 183,7 nm dan berbentuk bulat. Nanokitosan-Cu yang dihasilkan efektif sebagai antifungi terhadap F. oxysporum dan C. capsici. Pada konsentrasi 100 ppm, nanokitosan-Cu mampu menghambat pertumbuhan F. oxysporum dan C. capsici masing-masing sebesar 100% dan 92,38%.
Corn, an important crop in Indonesia still has a low productivity, thus many efforts are required to fulfill its national demand. One of the solutions to improve corn yield is by applying biostimulant containing chitosan as an active ingredient. Chitosan has been proved to increase plant growth and resistance against diseases. The objective of this research was to study the effects of several chitosan formulas on the yield and diseases occurance in sweet corn (Zea mays var. Bonanza). The chitosan formulas tested were soluble liquid(SL), wettable powder (WP), nano chitosan (NN), and unformulated chitosan (CH). The experiment was arranged using a randomized block design with three replications. All chitosan formulas were applied by seeds soaking for 20 minutes, followed by foliar spraying on corn plants at three weeks after planting (WAP), with the concentration of 500 ppm (400 L/ha spray volume), every threeweeks until 9 WAP. Parameters observed were brix value, weight of corn cobs, weight of corn biomass, and plant diseases including downy leaves, leafblight and leaf rust. The results showed that NN formula increased the brix value up to 7%, the corn cob weight up to 49% and the biomass weight upto 34% compared to the control; whereas SL formula reduced the incidence of downy mildew by 53% at 3 WAP and leaf blight disease by 51% at 6 WAP. In addition, the incidence of corn leaf rust reduced 59-71% in corn plant subjected to all chitosan formulas. Based on the results, application of chitosan in NN formula was best in increasing yield, while in SL formula was best in reducing the incidence of important corn diseases.[Keywords: downy mildew, chitosan formula, seed treatment]AbstrakJagung sebagai salah satu komoditas pangan penting di Indonesia masih memiliki produktivitas yang rendah sehingga diperlukan usaha untuk memenuhi kebutuhan jagung nasional. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan hasil jagung adalah dengan aplikasi biostimulan yang mengandung bahan aktif kitosan. Kitosan telah terbukti mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan daya tahantanaman terhadap penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh beberapa formula kitosan terhadap hasil dan kejadian penyakit pada tanaman jagung manis (Zea mays var. Bonanza). Formula kitosan yang diuji adalah cairan yang dapat larut (soluble liquid, SL), tepung yang dapat dibasahi (wettable powder, WP), nano kitosan (nano chitosan, NN), dan kitosan non formulasi (unformulated chitosan, CH). Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan tiga ulangan. Masingmasing formula kitosan tersebut diaplikasikan melalui perendaman benih selama 20 menit yangdiikuti dengan penyemprotan daun pada tanaman jagung berumur tiga minggu dengan konsentrasi 500 ppm (volume semprot 400 L/ha) yang dilakukan setiap tiga minggu sampai tanaman berumur sembilan minggu. Parameter yangdiamati adalah nilai brix, bobot tongkol jagung, bobot biomassa jagung, dan penekanan kejadian beberapa penyakit tanaman meliputi bulai, hawardaun, dan karat daun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi kitosan NNmeningkatkan nilai brix jagung manis hingga 7%, bobot tongkol jagung hingga 49% dan bobot biomassa hingga 34% dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Sementara itu, aplikasi kitosan SL dapat menekan kejadian penyakit bulai hingga 53% padaumur tanaman 3 minggu setelah tanam (MST) dan penyakit hawar daun hingga 51% pada umur 6 MST. Selain itu, kejadian penyakit karat daun jagung juga dapat ditekan 59-71% pada aplikasi keempat formula kitosan. Berdasarkan hasiltersebut, aplikasi kitosan NN paling optimal dalam meningkatkan hasil panen jagung manis, sedangkan aplikasi kitosan SL paling optimal dalam menekan kejadian beberapa penyakit pada tanaman jagung.[Kata Kunci: bulai, formula kitosan, perlakuan benih]
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