The interference in adjacent cells and the control of the boundaries have being vastly investigated since the conception of the first cell phone networks. A very large number of small cells are required for new 5G mobile networks, and therefore it is even more important to determine the correct mobile station positioning as well as the control boundaries. In order to minimize these problems, this paper proposes a simple and efficient system that improves the control of the Mobile Management Entity (MME) defined in the Release 8 of 3GPP. The system uses a tracking arrangement capable of determining the direction of the mobile station in the cell area. This information can be used to predict handover between adjacent nodes (changing of cell) minimizing a great problem, the high traffic in the backhaul network. In order to reach these goals, two or more receiver antennas are used as a Radio Direction Finder (RDF) and phase controlled directional antennas or massive multiple-input and multiple-output antennas pointing to different irradiation channels towards different directions. The theoretical section developed in this study was successfully confirmed by the experimental setup with results very closed to the developed formulation.
This paper presents a circuit capable of reducing the power used to transmit signals from implanted biomedical wireless sensors. Nowadays, Quasi-Digital sensors are an interesting option that satisfies key performances such as low voltage, low power, low cost, good accuracy and small die area [1]. Those sensors send out analog information using digital signals, either by changing their frequency, period or duty-cycle. In all of them, energy is consumed during the transmitter operation. We propose a power savings by reducing the period that the transmitter is turned on. The proposed circuit changes the square signal of a voltage to frequency converter (VFC) into shorter pulses, but keeping the frequency of the original signal. It generates a Pulse Interval Modulation -PIM signal to be transmitted. We implemented the circuit layout in IBM 130nm CMOS technology. Simulation results demonstrated the circuit work as expected, and the savings may reach over 80 percent.
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