We use household and community data from the Philippines to estimate a multilevel model of contraceptive use. We go beyond previous efforts in this field by developing a structural model that recognizes joint endogeneity and the temporal ordering of variables. by considering a wider range of community influences on fertility behavior, and by employing an econometric procedure allowing for a multilevel error structure. The results suggest that there are significant effects on fertility behavior of community-level family planning services, labor-conditions, and infrastructure development. These results provide insights regarding the structural determinants of contraceptive use and fertility that are useful for drawing policy implications.

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There were large numbers of child workers in domestic services, street work, construction and selected areas of agricultural production in Brazil at the turn of the century. These kinds of occupations are often problematic for youth. We show that children engaged in these risky categories of work are more disadvantaged than other employed children and non-employed children. Results from a large representative survey show that children in 'risky' work are more likely to have parents also engaged in hazardous activities or be living without both parents, characteristics that may be useful for targeting policy.

The process of demographic ageing in Sri Lanka is striking in comparison to the experience of other countries in South Asia, and in comparison to many developing countries more generally. The proportion of the population older than 60 years in Sri Lanka was much higher-almost double-than in any other country in the region in 2000, and by 2030, it is expected that nearly one of every five Sri Lankans will be elderly. The rapid ageing of the Sri Lankan population is contributing to the emergence of several policy issues that will undoubtedly become more acute in the years to come. The primary aim of this paper is to examine the magnitude, characteristics and determinants of demographic ageing in Sri Lanka, a country whose demography has received little international attention, and discuss some of the implications of this ageing process for selected policy issues.

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I am not a feminist per se nor a bleeding heart liberal, though many people think I am. I am an opportunist, a pragmatist to the nth degree. There is no benefit in this company that we don't feel doesn't have a bottom line advantage or payback.-Company owner whose family-owned firm operates an on-site child care center for 85 employee children and grandchildren, including his own grandchild.

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This article uses the contingent valuation method for calculating the value of employer-sponsored child care to employees. Like many environmental amenities, there may be a nonuse or existence value of working for a company that offers employer-sponsored child care (ESCC), as well as a use value to parents who have children in the center. We test this hypothesis using data from three firms, two of which have on-site child care. Our findings indicate that price is a determinant of willingness to pay for the continued existence or establishment of an on-site center. We find evidence of the existence value, even for employees without young children, and a greater valuation among recent hires than among longer-term employees.W       U.S.     25  , much of the growth in the U.S. labor market has come from an increase in women's labor force participation and, in recent years, from a dramatic increase in the labor force participation of women with young children. The increased participation of women with young children is also expected to be a substantial part of growth in the labor force over the next 20 years. This trend has resulted in an increasingly greater demand for child care and an increased level of work/family conflict for U.S. families with young children. All indications are that these side effects of increasing women's labor force participation also will continue in the near future.Firms in the 1990s faced an inherently tighter labor market than they had in the past because of changing demographics in the United States and the